As a Node.js dev: don't hold your breath waiting for better exception support in callback-based asynchronous code. Node didn't really have a procedural legacy; it was always async (sorta), and exceptions are awful to try to reason about with callbacks. Then we got Promises, which made it worse. Now we have async/await, which helps restore typical exception behavior a bit . . . until you have to integrate with any code written in a callback- or promise-oriented style (anything older than 15 months, almost all of the standard library).
In general, I think without language-level support for continuations (callbacks, coroutines, promises, async-"colored" functions, whatever), projects like Vert.x are going to cause a lot of friction with regards to exceptions. Having a large synchronous legacy to contend with doesn't help either.