Ctrl-T, Ctrl-G, Ctrl-B, Ctrl-Y, Ctrl-H and Ctrl-N should never be used for control key sequences except for something invoked rarely (and certainly not at the beginning of each command).
Besides, Ctrl-B is not even logical. It was decided upon as "well, screen uses Ctrl-A, so we'll use Ctrl-B". Zero concerns about usability.
Besides. If I'd remap anything to capslock it'd be escape, but thats down to Vim.
Typically, the context shift requires no more than 5 minutes, and usually 0 minutes, for me to stop making mistakes. In my experience, the fact that I don't have the precise same physical keyboard helps a ton. My primary office desktop keyboard is different than in the labs (where I have less control), and different than my home laptop. So what I'm typing on feels different and I'm able to quickly adjust.
It takes some practice, I won't lie, but after a few weeks you'll probably not be making any major mistakes.
I understand the concern. This does trip me up from time to time, as do other UI preferences such as tracking speed and scroll direction. How much time do you spend (both frequency and duration) using others' computers? Regardless, I suggest you give it a try to see how often it actually does cause an issue, and whether or not it's manageable. Of course, YMMV. It's a trivial change to revert if it doesn't work for you. I know for me personally it's been a substantial overall win to remap caps lock.
C-b, for me, is deeply ingrained as cursor navigation - in the terminal, Emacs, Conkeror, and even general GTK+ widgets.
Edit: I don't experience hand strain though. I have caps-lock as Ctrl, and I use the Colemak keyboard layout.
I don't know why everybody seems to hate the arrow keys; I am a blind typer, and I definitely get more strain from emacs control sequences than from CUA and arrow keys.
I would have used vim, but pressing Esc to switch between modes is akin to feeling an unwanted electrical jolt; breaks the flow in 100% of cases. And I like my flow.
set-option -g prefix `
if you are on a remote box, I simply do a (c-b : and type it)
although if you share this with other users that probably get them angry