High voltage, sure, but outside of an inverter that you can/should buy prepackaged none of this needs to be high voltage. The system in the embedded video has 14 sets of cells in series, meaning 40-60 volts.
Luckily he avoided the acid spray, but he had to empty 4 large fire extinguishers from the nearby boats to put out the fire and cool down the remains of the batteries enough so they did not immediately catch fire again.
I have a huge respect for what a huge solar array and a big bank of batteries can do after seeing what a relatively puny battery could actually do.
A standard AC system can't deliver even a percentage of that current.
Driving home in the rain, and the tail light wires were submerged in water that was pooling in the trunk and shorting out. As I put my foot on the brakes - on the freeway in the pouring rain - the fusible link in the engine bay decided to just catch on fire instead of being a fusible link. The battery quickly boiled and I had a sudden and catastrophic engine bay fire on a crowded road.
A car battery has enough amps to literally use as a welder (two jumper leads, an arc welding rod and a 550CCA car battery is enough to stick most things together in an emergency :P ), and is more than enough to create a massive fire.
I did the same to fix one of those $40 dollar Swiffers (i.e., we're not really talking about powering industrial steel chop-saws powering through I-beams). It drew ~2.5 amps at no-load, no problem.
OSHA[1]:
"17-90mA" : Death is possible.
"90mA+" : Death is likely.
And remember breakers blow only when the sub-circuit's current exceeds the threshold (generally ~15amps in the US) so you can spec a standard gauge of wiring sufficient to consistently draw that current, not overheat and burn your house down. It's (generally) not checking to see if the current sunk = current sourced. You need GFCIs("RCD"s in other locales) to actually get that functionality.
The rule of thumb I've heard is 50mA passing through your heart is where the v-fib dangers begin. The real risk begins at as low as 20mA, because thats when your hands lose their muscular control. You can't let go of the source, and your heart enters v-fib (~100 mA) and you get oxygen starvation and brain death[3]. You have tales of people using one hand to support themselves on a grounded breaker box, using the other hand to just have a look-see, and not even realizing they're in v-fib, feeling a little 'off', sitting down for a bit to catch their breath and found dead 20 minutes later next to the box.
Your body basically acts as a resistor in parallel with the circuit. Here's the ASME's resistance model of an adult males' body[2]. As you can see, you're body is definitely not a 10meg resistor. If you're working in damp, humid, or hot (i.e., you're perspiring through your hands, and that Na+ is just looking for a donor electron!), the risk increases. Whether you're working on a 460v3ph 15 horsepower Hardinge lathe or a Swiffer, the best piece of advice I ever got was "have a healthy respect (and fear) for your tools". Use isolation transformers, current limiters, and CAT-rated gear and read a sufficient amount of information to inform yourself in advance of the potential risks[4].
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[1] http://web.archive.org/web/20130428070054/http://www.osha.go...
[2] http://risk.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?arti...
[3] Brain death I've always heard is ~5 minutes for an average adult male with a decent pulmonary system and respiration capacity-- less if you're a couch potato with less lung VO2 capacity, more if you're Lance Armstrong. Obviously not a physician.
[4] I was googling to pick find a diagram to depict the resistance model of a human and stumbled across Allaboutcircuit's safety text (chapter 3, for those who are wondering). It's pretty good for "general" electronics. Obviously if you're working with things like tubes ('valves'), transformers, and other subsets, you're going to want to read about the safety precautions you want to take for those specific areas as well.
I wouldn't go anywhere near a diy power bank without proper knowledge and training.
For (2) the exact configuration basically does not matter, because generally speaking all battery packs capable of storing a large amount of energy are also able to release a large amount of energy in short time. So if you cause a short you'll always get a nice arc. Note that most kinds of protections are way too slow to suppress arcing, so you can always burn yourself. Arc-fault detection is more difficult in DC systems as well.
(1) is mostly a matter of doing things right. This means active temperature monitoring and measures (cooling, venting, shut-off) for larger packs. Independent over-voltage and over-current monitoring. And of course the little things, like wiring things up the right way and placing sense wires at the proper locations. For example, this is a simple thing of doing things wrong:
+ Charger -
| |
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
| |
+ Sense -
——————
I did a few things with a few types of batteries (lithium ion and lead) and these little cells can cause an impressive amount of uh "disturbance" in short order. I admit I am almost as careful (in a different way, obviously) with them as when handling high-voltage things like the HV oscillator in an old 'scope.
+ Charger -
| |
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
| |
+ Sense -
EDIT: Wait, I think I know. You also need independent current measurement at each cell to detect internal shorts. And probably a way to automatically isolate such cells.
If the voltage feedback (assuming there is any) is taken from the lower side, then a reduced voltage (by U=Rbus×Ibus) will be measured, which is lower than the voltage present at the cell terminals. Siblings mentioned that you want protection against internal cell shorts, using fuse wires or similar.
A better configuration would look like
+ Charger
|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|- Cell -|
|
Charger -
Technically it depends on the cell chemistry and how they fail.
In casual conversation it can mean close to mains voltage or higher.
That article itself quotes a bunch of wildly different standards.