Most shells let you do some arbitrary work before/during the display of the prompt line (in Bash, you can use `PS1` and `PROMPT_COMMAND`). Some people then install special fonts that let them render these fancy “bar segment” things. [Powerline](https://github.com/powerline/powerline) is a notable package for this, but there’s a lot of simpler alternatives out there nowadays.

I used https://github.com/magicmonty/bash-git-prompt for a long time - it's a bunch of bash scripts that show git info for directories that are git repositories.

I've since switched to the fish shell (https://fishshell.com/) which has this built in.

It doesn't matter which shell you use, all the common ones have some kind of plugins or extensions for that.

Powerline: https://fedoramagazine.org/add-power-terminal-powerline/

The shell, likely zsh with a special prompt config