Wealthfront, for example, currently cites a 3-year annualized return of 5.67% on its best batch of portfolios (ie tax-advantaged), and a 5-year annualized return of 9.44%.
By contrast, a pure S&P play would have provided 10.09% annualized over 3 years and 15.17% over five. Links are here:
https://www.wealthfront.com/historical-performance http://quicktake.morningstar.com/index/IndexCharts.aspx?Symb...
I don't believe BillG had all his money in S&P index funds. But he and/or his managers were able to find other investments that did even better. That's not easy to do, given markets of recent years, as the Wealthfront data indicates.
That is, if you could figure out which listed companies were going to fare the worst and build a partial index fund with the rest, you'd beat the index.
Similar research style to short selling but with less downside.
For example, Twitter's prospects on its own don't look so great right now. But if that induces you to avoid owning Twitter, you miss out on a quick profit (perhaps even a big one!) if some larger company decides to buy it.
Individual investors pretty much all do worse than market.
EDIT: obviously that means there is skill involved. But it seems that professional managers are close enough in skill that luck is the dominant factor.