I feel that (as much as I personally don't like them) IPython notebooks would solve this niche pretty well (though currently you still need a separate LaTeX document).
I do feel like there is a middle ground somewhere there between the "format all content to fit A4 paper" idiom of Word/TeX, and the more interactive markdown + simulation environment of Jupyter. The latter is really growing on me, but conferences really still want their paper articles and pdf/pptx slide decks.
I believe its possible to export ipynbs as markdown/tex.