In both cases, fraud disputes are handled in the same way. Either the issuer or the account holder suspects fraudulent transactions and the bank engages an investigation in order to determine veracity of the claim.
Where things differ is that the onus of proof for credit card accounts is on the merchant to prove the transaction is legit. When an offline debit card is used, the funds are deducted from the account when the merchant captures funds and, therefore, the onus of proof lies with the card holder to prove it is fraudulent.
Liability, in this context, is non sequitur as fraud claims exist in either scenario and one party or the other must provide proof to support their position. The other, by definition, is responsible for said funds.
I'm not really sure what you mean regarding "a reversible ledger", as this has nothing to do with credit card transactions.
EDIT: clarified liability phrasing.
Your note about "onus on proof lies with the cardholder" is less true for Visa, for example.
The best resource I've seen is this one: https://www.minneapolisfed.org/~/media/files/about/what-we-d... See pages 6 through 18.
https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0213-lost-or-stolen-cr...
If it's linked to a savings account and it's a Visa/MC debit card, for example, then it's a different story. The funds are not insured and so if you loose it it's on you.
With a debit card, the money is just gone and the burden is generally on you to find some way of recovering it from whoever stole it.
Not true. Not in Europe.