Money in itself was never my goal.
I always wanted two simple things in life: 1.) To be great at doing something that creates value for others. (sense of duty) and 2.) To be compensated equitably for my work. (sense of fairness)
If you do both of those and succeed, you will make a lot of money during your career. Some people just want to do #1--Linus Torvalds would be a great example--which I'd agree is a more noble, though he's certainly not starving.
As far as what money's good for, it gives you options. It means you can take risks in your career and play the long game. It means you don't have to work a bad job or keep your head down if people are being mistreated. It means your partner doesn't also have to work long hours to raise a family. It means you can start your own business or invest to make a little dent in the world. It means you can retire early if you get burnt out.
Material things are nice but you can have a very, very nice material life with an upper-middle class job. Beyond that, most things are really overrated. I used to like material things a lot more when I didn't have much money. Now that I have plenty, I don't bother much with them. A lot of those purchases came from status insecurity or trying to buy fulfillment. In my first job out of college, I leased a fancy BMW. Now I drive a decade-old Toyota.
IMO feeling "rich" is feeling like you don't have to do anything--your life is entirely on your own terms. It has little to do with buying stuff.