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Did you read the Efficiency Gap article? You may not have guessed because of the context of the article, but this metric isn't just geometric. It directly measures the efficiency of converting party constituent votes into seats. That's cutting the Gordian Knot! Want to measure Gerrymandering? Then directly measure what it's trying to achieve!

https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legal-work...

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The problem with the efficiency gap metric is that it incentivizes cooperation between the parties to generate "safe" districts.

You can turn it into an optimization problem instead if you try to minimize the wasted votes for the entire state. This ensures that you don't get states with districts that all have huge -- but equal! -- efficiency gaps.

So instead of efficiency gap, measure inefficiency excess?

what's wrong with safe districts?

I would like to have better representation and lower volatility.

They have a tendency to become more ideologically extreme, which means overtime the country as a whole becomes more divided, which would likely result in higher volatility and cyclical levels of representation.

Those are opposites.

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