Cabal would be a false cognate, as the two words are not linguistically related in any way. Chaebol (재벌) is "chae-" (wealth) and "-bol" (clan). Zaibatsu (財閥) is "zai-" (financial) and "-batsu" (clique). Cabal is ultimately from the Hebrew "kabbalah" (קַבָּלָה‎‎), which has to do with receiving, and has come to be its own word related to mystic tradition.[0]

[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabala

Cognate means they share some etymological origin, which chaebol and zaibatsu do. Cabal is from Hebrew, and does not share the same roots.

A chaebol (/ˈtʃeɪbɒl/, Korean: 재벌, Korean: [tɕɛ̝bʌl]; from chae "wealth or property" + bol "faction or clan" – also written with the same Chinese characters 財閥 as Zaibatsu) is a South Korean form of business conglomerate.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaebol