If you expanded your question to hardware in the computer, then yes you can easily cause damage. BIOS’s can be flashed to make the system unbootable or overclock/stress components. Back in the bad old days of Linux, you could easily damage your monitor with the wrong xorg.conf settings.
Your question got me thinking what’s the MTBF of modern CPUs? My google-fu failed me finding any reliable source of this, but I’m sure it’s long, 10+ years.