Section 6.4 (p109) is a nice overview of requirements analysis benefits and types. 6.4.1.2 is high-assurance requirements which most projects don't have. Appendix H checklist is decent. 6.6.3 (p126) covers many useful analysis often done at compiler or type system level in CompSci. Follows with basic, but inadequate, explanation of formal specs.
Section 7.4.2 (p141) goes into all sorts of techniques for fault-tolerance. 7.4.4 (p145) talks language considerations for reducing defects. Following sections are limiting complexity & designing for easy maintenance. If only enterprises and their management read that stuff... 7.5.2 onward talks Design Analysis with examples nicely rating benefit vs effort required. First and interface failure lists plus especially design constraints are good as people overlook some subset of them usually.
Section 8.4 (p169) is where coding & testing practices begin. Quite thorough with cost benefit analysis I mostly agree with on coding side. Remember that requirements & design already knocked out most issues with code basically just implementing a precise spec. That's why some get "Low" rating when, in tossed-together coding, they might otherwise have high impact.
Ch 9 (p179) is main section on testing. It could be subsetted but pp 182-183 is nice, exhaustive list of what to look at. 9.4 (184) nice list of testing types. Nevermind, the latter sections are even better. Section 11.1.4 (p210) on languages, compilers, etc is pretty thorough with a sound, uncommon recommendation on language used. :) CASE tools (pp236) has nice list of capabilities for general, SW tooling worth imitating.
pp264 has list of common, human errors. p273 has list of questions to ask about dependencies, esp 3rd party software.
So, contrary to mysterypie et al, I find the document to have about everything you need to know to write software that either doesn't fail or handles failure well. It's meant to get you started on every aspect so you can follow up on it with specialist texts. It also drops literally hundreds of useful heuristics and list items that help you achieve your goal. Many of them are non-obvious. Quite a few would've prevented failures I see regularly on HN from otherwise competent developers. I'm for trimming the fat out of this thing to make it the reference text on high-assurance system development that it deserves to be. Plus, collecting together with it key information it references (esp specialist guides) so people can selectively look up and master pieces at a time.