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Comment by Kiro | Hacker News Reader

Doesn't String -> String -> String mean it takes two arguments in this case though?

> The type annotation for connectWords is telling us that connectWords is a function that accepts two strings and returns a string.

Or maybe I misunderstand this whole thing. I know nothing about Haskell/Elm.

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Thanks to ncd for clarifying, here are my own comments too. When you write

    f: Int -> Int -> Int
    f a b = a + b

the compiler (at least in Haskell) creates f as a function that takes a single argument, a, and outputs a function. That outputted function takes a single argument, b and outputs an Int.

When you apply the function f:

    f 5 7

what's really happening here is that f is first applied to 5. This creates a new function, call it g, taking in a single integer and outputting that integer plus 5. Then, this new function is applied to 7. (The compiler may optimize a lot of this away, but that is how you should think of what's happening in my opinion.)

Hope that helps!

I guess this comes back full circle to the original point: you should think of everything being left-associative here, so by default the above is interpreted as

    f: Int -> (Int -> Int)
    ...
    (f 5) 7

It's a function that takes a String and returns a new function which takes a String and returns a String. All functions in Haskell/Elm are arity 1.

So in order to construct functions that accept more than one argument, you actually return successive functions that apply successive arguments, known as currying.

This is really important when looking at it from "the outside" (or, one is too lazy to lookup the documentation ;-). Without knowing that, it could be a function that takes a string and compiles it to a function that takes two strings (ie: a macro, I guess). Or one string, and returns a string. Or...

Does this kind of 1/arity have performance implications for Haskell? Does the compiler lower (or is it rise? inline?) the functions to produce efficient machine code?

Thanks! Is this the case in Elm as well? This is the example they give:

  connectWords : String -> String -> String
  connectWords firstWord secondWord =
    firstWord ++ secondWord

In this case, you think of `connectWords` as a function that takes two arguments. But since it is curried, you can also do this:

    let prefix = connectWords "Hello "
        world  = prefix "world"
        bob    = prefix "bob"
    in ...

`world` is "Hello world", and `bob` is "Hello bob". That is the power of currying. A maybe more useful example is specifying the mapping function in `List.map` without supplying the list to map over. This allows you to use the same map with multiple lists.

Yes, all functions in Elm also have arity 1. That example desugars into this:

    connectWords = \ firstWord -> \ secondWord -> firstWord ++ secondWord

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