> Deep Neural Networks can learn features from essentially raw data. Usual machine learning starts with features engineered manually.
What does this mean? What is "raw data" and what is a "feature engineered manually"?
What does this mean? What is "raw data" and what is a "feature engineered manually"?
All of this work (some of these papers have on the order of ten thousands of citations) is now obsolete because you can start with a random initialization of the weights of a neural network and iteratively improve the weights using backprop for any kind of task. All you need a measure of improvement that is relatively smooth and differentiable with respect to the network weights. What is surprising is that the circuits and programs within reach of backprop training of fully connected neural networks are actually astonishingly good at what they do. But ultimately, this is maybe not so surprising given that our brains do something similar all the time.
Hardly correct. You can't magically learn any kind of task. You can't add arbitrary number of layers and hope for the back prop to do its magic. It is difficult. Deep learning techniques are what makes it somewhat feasible.
SIFT is not obsolete because of NNs. They all have their pros and cons. You have to select the right tool for the job. BTW SIFT is not an edge detector (That's the Canny Transform). It describes images using salient features in scale invariant manner.
Neural nets learn the distribution and even causal factors in the data. To me it seems that this distribution is often just too complex for it to be robustly captured by something that doesn't learn. Learning causal factors critically depends on learning along the depth of the network of latent variables which is a particularly opaque process, but this is what MLPs seem to do quite canonically (convnet being just a restricted special case of MLPs). I mean discerning causal factors is pretty much canonically the act of accumulating evidence with priors (weighted summation), deciding whether it is sufficient evidence and signaling how much it is (non-linearity).
Case in point- DNNs for image recogn. use Sobel edge detectors and other "obsolete" filters to do their magickal magic.
Excellent in-a-nutshell explanation of features and thank you for a definition I really hadn't thought of.
This though:
>> this is maybe not so surprising given that our brains do something similar all the time.
Is just so much fantasies, sorry to say. Neural nets (and machine learning in general) learn in ways that are completely unlike the human. They need huge, dense datasets, we can make do with scraps of sparse data. They need huge amounts of computational power, and time, we learn in the blink of an eye. They learn one thing at a time and can't generalise knowledge to even neighbouring domains, we can, oh yes indeed. An infant that can recognise images at the level of AlexNet, can at the same time tie its own shoelaces, speak rudimentary language and protect itself from danger etc. AlexNet can only map images to labels. It does that very well, but it's a one trick pony and so are all machine learning algorithms, fearsomely effective but heart-breakingly limited. Human minds are generalisation machines of the higest order and we are nowhere near figuring out how they (we) do it.
Think of it this way: it took a few dozen researchers a few decades to come up with backprop. It took evolution billions of years to come up with a human mind. Which one do you think is the more optimised, and how much hubris does it take to convince oneself that they are pretty much the same in capabilities?
Yay, astonishing performance! I'm totally gonna waste half an hour of my life to read about what awesome badassery convnets are! Because that sounds so objective!
/snark
The default example is classification of a circle of one class surrounded by a donut of another. There are two features x_1 and x_2 (this is the "raw data").
One solution to this problem is to use a single layer and a single neuron but engineer features manually. These manually engineered features are x_1*x_2, x_1^2,x_2^2, sin(x_1) and sin(x_2). Here's a link to this model (long url)[1].
This model performs very well at learning to classify the data just by combining these manual features with a single neuron. The problem is a human needs to figure out these features. Try removing some and observe the different performance given different manual features. You'll see how important it is to engineer the correct ones.
Alternatively you can have 2 layers of 4 neurons [2]. In nearly the exact number of iterations this network also learns to classify the data correctly. This is because the non-linear interactions between neurons are actually transforming the inputs the appropriate ways. That is to say the networks is learning to engineer the features itself. Try removing layers/nodes and you'll find that a simpler network will have a harder and harder time at this.
I recommend playing around with the various tradeoff between manually engineered features and network complexity. The interesting thing you will observe is that in some cases the manual features are much faster to learn a simplier model than the network. The big issues comes up when we can't simply "see" the problem in 2d so we have no idea what features may and may not be useful.
[0] http://playground.tensorflow.org/
[1] http://playground.tensorflow.org/#activation=tanh&batchSize=...
[2]. http://playground.tensorflow.org/#activation=tanh&batchSize=...