Presumably, ultimately, all languages are typed in some way. Otherwise, how would the interpreter (or whatever execution environment is relevant) deduce what binary data was what?

I think the question you mean -- which I'm also interested in the answer to -- is: How can a dynamically typed language be statically type checked? Presumably Hindley-Milner style inference doesn't/can't work. Do static analysers such as Mypy therefore trace the execution of the code until it finds something that conflicts? Are there cases where this approach won't work, either technically or practically?