Regarding
billions of dollars in lost productivity, and having done ten years in an enterprise, I don't think the large expenditures (called
spend in the jargon) can be attributed to language choice. I think you need to look a lot deeper than that, particularly to the culture of the organization. One factor that prevents programming language choice having a deep impact is the pervasive cultural allergy to programming. This results in not really seeking out or nurturing high-productivity programmers and programming efforts.
An additional example of that symptom was an article posted here in the last couple of weeks that said effectively "To improve your IT career, learn to negotiate with vendors." This is to me is a problem orthogonal to the choice of language or development practice.
For another take on this, consider all the interviews in Coders at Work. These are at the top of list of productive programmers of today. Some of them wrote in C, some despised C++ and C, none were methodologists.