There is barely any information other than the two sentences you quote about how the Prince was educated.
'I have never let my schooling interfere with my education.' -Mark Twain
"Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school." - Albert Einstein
As for his mother's actions, I believe children who are exposed to more adults (especially experts), grow up to be quite confident and unencumbered by their age or perceived inexperience.
From my view, those who put the prince in trouble with the previous king were less annoyed by the changes than the fact that a 26 year old BOY (prince) was causing changes.
In 2007, Prince Mohammed graduated fourth in his class from King Saud University with a bachelor’s degree in law