http://www.vice.com/en_uk/read/boarding-school-syndrome
Maybe lifting the people of the urban ghettos out of the poverty trap might be a good start.
Nothing matters more than parental involvement. And if every conversation about public education centered around "we can't do much if you don't care about little Johnny's education" maybe parents would start doing more. I'm not sure that being ambivalent about your child's education isn't a severe form of child neglect.
A combination of a "total institution" for children, combined with a clear path to a good job after, would probably be appealing. I don't think anyone but government could legally do a lot of this, but a local or state government might be able to provide cover.
Healthcare as a field might be a good domain...viewed as "good", high amounts of government expense already (va, Medicare/Medicaid), a wide range of ultimate skill jobs ( orderlies through types of nurses and techs to doctors to research), etc.
If I were a poor parent in the ghetto, and I could get my kids into "work at local hospital: pre pre med coursework plus objective standards for admission into various education later, and jobs", I'd do it in a heartbeat.
That's what I meant. If it were as simple as "oh, you shouldn't raise your own kids" the current school system would have done its job.