It did for me. I was 12 when it came out, and the local Blockbuster Video had one and they let me play it from time to time that summer (I rented games from there every weekend during school so they kind of knew me). I seem to remember getting a headache and feeling queasy.
But what I remember most, and what articles about the Virtual Boy never seem to mention is that the games were dull and boring. The 3D effect was interesting, but I was a 12 year old kid used to brightly coloured characters running around fluidly and responsively in a moving world. Playing the Virtual Boy was dismal - it was all high contrast black and dark red. And making Mario Tennis feel more 3D doesn't change the boring gameplay of Mario Tennis.