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website: https://marcua.net/ blog: http://blog.marcua.net/ marcua at marcua.net
See http://cs-www.cs.yale.edu/homes/dna/papers/hstore-cc.pdf for cases where you want to run two transactions in the same location concurrently in h-store (the academic precursor to VoltDB).
You could cluster the table on the 'time' column. That would store the data in the table in the same order as it appears in the index, and make time-based range queries a lot faster.
The Ceph docs also imply that they have designed it so that it's easy to snapshot directories---I'm not sure whether HDFS has facilities for this.
Hope these help someone!
The canonical undergrad textbook is "Database Management Systems" by Ramakrishnan and Gehrke. I've often been confused by papers we read and gone to this book for a foundation before jumping back into the paper. There are a _lot_ of chapters I haven't read (namely the first few on ER diagrams, etc.), but the chapters on storage/indexing/query evaluation/transaction management/normalization are good if you read them a few times.
The graduate-level book is called "The Red Book" (http://redbook.cs.berkeley.edu/), and is a great source of foundational papers in the field. You can find most of the papers online, but the introduction gives you a good sense for the history and evolution of databases.
I hope this helps!