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jayalammar

563 karma · joined December 3, 2021

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jayalammar··on DALL-E 2 generates images of Kermit The Frog in various films
Not Dalle2 specifically, it's proprietary and there's a waitlist. Older open source alternatives include https://huggingface.co/dalle-mini
jayalammar··on How the Vanderbilt heirs spent $300B in 50 years
Oh wow. Yeah that's way off.
jayalammar··on Cohere: The world’s most powerful NLP toolkit
Sorry if I've missed your connection request. Please email me at alammar at gmail if I can be of service.
jayalammar··on Cohere: The world’s most powerful NLP toolkit
Yeah, mentioned it earlier, but added a note to this thread too.
jayalammar··on Cohere: The world’s most powerful NLP toolkit
Cohere (language understanding and generation with large language models) is very different from Sagemaker (general ML platform).

Cohere abstracts training and deploying language models for developers and companies that don't have an army of MLEs to collect billions of training tokens and figure out TPU/GPU training/serving of massive models.

Consider that BERT was published in 2018 and then put into mass production to power Google Search in 2019 [1]. For companies and devs other than big tech, the cost and required knowhow to put these models into production is staggering. Even deploying open source models (which we love) requires overhead in compute and knowhow. Services like Cohere lower the barrier for those who need access to this tech in a managed way.

Generation use cases often don't even involve user data beyond an input prompt. In embedding use cases, the user only sends the text they want embedded and get their vectors in return.

[1] https://blog.google/products/search/search-language-understa...

Edit: Cohere engineer here.

jayalammar··on Cohere: The world’s most powerful NLP toolkit
Content moderation extends to plenty of sub-problems other than spam. A lot of use cases need detection of different types of online harm, for example (bullying, hate speech...etc). A lot of these cases can be improved by training classifiers based on language models that better understand the context and complexities of language.
jayalammar··on Cohere: The world’s most powerful NLP toolkit
Thanks, sdoering. Cohere engineer here. Happy to provide some context.

You can can find performance benchmarks here: https://txt.cohere.ai/launch-larger-embed-models#model-compa...

Cohere provides an API to access and finetune large language models (generative models like GPT and text representation/embedding models like BERT). These types of language models empower the majority of the latest developments in natural language understanding and generation.

Your feedback is well taken, we'll work to make these more reachable from the homepage.

jayalammar··on QuantStack (small company that carries Jupyter): 2021 in review
It always amazes me how important and useful open source software is often supported by small team doing heroic efforts. I found it very interesting to learn about QuantStack and what they do to support Jupyter data science communities.

I'm personally keeping a close eye on Jupyter Lite [1]. which uses WASM to run python and popular data science libraries (e.g. numpy, pandas) completely in the browser.

[1] https://blog.jupyter.org/jupyterlite-jupyter-%EF%B8%8F-webas...

jayalammar··on Intro to Basic Semantic Search
Hi HN,

This is a gentle guide to building simple semantic search features that go beyond keyword search. Uses sentence embeddings and Annoy to build a "similar questions" feature.

Semantic search is one of the most powerful ideas to come out of NLP in recent years. Developers would benefit from having a sense of how it works. This article oversimplifies it to its essence with a working code example. All feedback is welcome!

jayalammar··on The Illustrated Retrieval Transformer
I'm intrigued by them and wanted to dig deeper into Switch Transformer. So hopefully yeah if they continue to show promise.

Thank you!

jayalammar··on The Illustrated Retrieval Transformer
Back of the envelop: assuming 3 characters per token, 3 bytes per character (unicode is 1-4), that's 18 trillion bytes. So about 18 TB? Reasonable for disk size, unreasonable to be loaded in GPU memory.

Compute: Building the database requires lots of BERT pre-computation. But at inference time, RETRO is at least one BERT forward pass (a batch of all the chunks that it broke the input prompt into). Then the neighbors are computer via the Retro encoder (which seems small at 2 Transformer layers). Then the input prompt is processed similar to a GPT of 32 layers (with attention to the neighbors).

Run on a laptop? Perhaps on CPU. Try running T0 [1] which is larger at 11B parameters.

[1] https://huggingface.co/bigscience/T0pp

jayalammar··on The Illustrated Retrieval Transformer
The size of the database, the training set, the details of the architecture, as well as results on benchmark tasks should all be considered in the comparison. I'm also a fan of Behavioral Testing [1].

Parameter count is not very accurate measure of model performance. Mixture of Expert models like the Switch Transformer [2] can be 1 trillion parameters in size, but are not 5X the performance, for example.

They clock the retrieval at 10 ms, unclear if that includes the BERT inference, however. My assumption is that it does not.

[1] https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.04118

[2] https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.03961

jayalammar··on The Illustrated Retrieval Transformer
Hi HN,

Summary: The latest batch of language models can be much smaller yet achieve GPT-3 like performance by being able to query a database or search the web for information. A key indication is that building larger and larger models is not the only way to improve performance.

Hope you find it useful. All feedback is welcome!

jayalammar··on A Visual Guide to Prompt Engineering
Hi HN,

The rise of GPT language models is making a lot of people start to experiment with using them for text generation and general problem solving for language tasks. This is a guide to get you started in thinking about prompts. Hope you find it useful. All feedback is appreciated.

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