Hah, you were not kidding about the names being unintuitive.
For anyone else interested there is a large list starting here [1]. The in-place versions will all end with `!`.
[1] https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/stdlib/LinearAlgebra/#Linea...
1,804 karma · joined October 22, 2018
For anyone else interested there is a large list starting here [1]. The in-place versions will all end with `!`.
[1] https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/stdlib/LinearAlgebra/#Linea...
> Please don't comment on whether someone read an article. "Did you even read the article? It mentions that" can be shortened to "The article mentions that."
> Please don't comment about the voting on comments. It never does any good, and it makes boring reading.
> Please respond to the strongest plausible interpretation of what someone says, not a weaker one that's easier to criticize. Assume good faith.
There is a famous test, Bell's inequality [2], that specifically rules out local hidden variable interpretations of QM.
Nonlocal hidden variable interpretations, such as De Broglie - Bohm theory [3], are potentially still on the table, however.
It is somewhat ironic that Bell's theorem is sometimes presented in popular media as a general disproof of all hidden variable theories, in a context where locality is taken for granted -- because Bell himself seems to have been partial to nonlocal hidden variable theories. An article by the same Mermin mentioned in the OP is worth a read, on this subject [4].
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_variable_theory
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell%27s_theorem
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Broglie%E2%80%93Bohm_theory
The unusual durability of such soils has made them a target for study in their own right, using cosmogenic isotopes to estimate erosion rates over Myr timescales (which turn out to be incredibly slow; 0.16–0.54 m/Myr) [4]
[1] https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/clay-minerals/articl...
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duricrust
[3] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016913681...
[4] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S00128...
There is work on this. This can be done with https://julialang.github.io/PackageCompiler.jl/dev/, but so far only to a rather large binary / “bundle”
IIUC, In principle it should be possible to do much better if you knew for sure at compile time which methods you would need to dispatch to for the data you ultimately want to run on.
Some of these same missing megafauna (likely giant ground sloths) dug an impressive network of several-meter-diameter tunnels through the unusually stable, iron-rich soils of southern Brazil, which survive to this day [2].
You can actually go and walk through these burrows, despite the fact that the species who dug them are long-extinct.
[1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=14014049
[2] https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/get-lost-in-me...
> One of the earliest proposals to reduce heat from lost bits was to make computer circuits reversible. A reversible circuit has exactly as many outputs as inputs, assigning one output pattern to every input pattern and vice versa. That means each input can be reconstructed from the output; no bits are lost, so reversible circuits will not give off heat from bit loss. Furthermore, reversible circuits can simulate standard logic functions and can therefore be used in any computer.
[1] https://www.americanscientist.org/article/computers-that-can...
It seems there is an analogy to be drawn to the way in which there can be no "waste heat" in a reversible thermodynamic process [1]. I thought this analogy might be a bit of a stretch at first, but looking into this a bit more it seems as though this is indeed exactly the idea with reversible computing, such that if a reversible computer could be implemented at the hardware level there would supposedly be significant energy efficiency gains on the table [2-4].
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_process_%28thermody...
[2] https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.08715
[3] https://cfwebprod.sandia.gov/cfdocs/CompResearch/docs/INC19-...
[4] https://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/the-future-of-c...
I know it sounds too good to be true, but my limited experience so far is that it really is true, with surprisingly few pitfalls (mostly, you have to think about type instability, which will be new to most, but is really not that hard to avoid).
> A typical user will rarely ever use the built in CSV library in Python
as a criticism of the benchmark, but if a typical user does use stdlib’s csv after all, then it seems like your disagreement is perhaps with GP and not with Stefan.
*Elaborated in my other comment on GP https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=24748107
Zygote calculates derivatives using source-to-source automatic differentiation.
This calculates function inverses (so to stretch the analogy a bit, it's kinda like "source-to-source automatic inversion")
In other words, there is an even crankier and older community for which Julia may be the first actual change in a very long time.
This is particularly the case in HPC, where everyone still uses Fortran, C, or C++, and has never moved nor ever will move to Python because Python is fundamentally unsuited to these workloads. But in some cases, Julia is [1].
The best differential equation solvers (e.g., SUNDIALS [2] for a modern example) have been written in FORTRAN for the last 50 years. If Julia can challenge Fortran as the go-to language for this type of work (e.g. DifferentialEquations.jl [3] and SciML), that would hardly count as excessive churn.
[1] https://github.com/jeff-regier/Celeste.jl
Even using the current best estimate that about half of the current 42-46 TW geothermal heat flux is primordial and half is radiogenic, there's a bit of a mismatch if you try to extrapolate back in time* the solution to which may involve either a hotter core than previously expected, anomalously high present heat flux, or more errors in the way we're currently modelling heat loss through the mantle.
*To put it simply, imagine stepping back 1 Myr from the present. The ~half of the heat lost over that period that was _not_ radiogenic came from cooling the core and mantle, so the core and mantle should have been hotter 1 Myr ago. But if the mantle was hotter, it should have been less viscous -> convecting faster -> losing heat even faster in the past. If you keep extrapolating like this, it doesn't take too long for the extrapolated mantle to become physically implausible -- only about 2 or 3 Gyr out of the 4.56 Gyr we have to work with. There are various ways to solve this problem, but we don't know which solution or combination of solutions is what really happened.
Unfortunately there isn't a really good recent review paper on this, but for anyone interested here's a scattering of citations [2-5] that have most of the components to piece together.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_internal_heat_budget
[2] doi.org/10.1029/JB085iB05p02517
[3] doi.org/10.1029/2003GL016982
[4] doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2020.106457
[5] scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=7130495919742279897&hl=en
That and perhaps the excess unnecessary allocations from array indexing on the right hand side of an assignment, if you don't know about `view`s.
> 2009 - NSA offering 'billions' for Skype eavesdrop solution [1]
> 2011 - Microsoft buys Skype for $8.5 billion. Why, exactly? [2]
> 2012 - Skype replaces P2P supernodes with Linux boxes hosted by Microsoft [3]
> 2013 - Microsoft handed the NSA access to encrypted messages Subhead: Skype worked to enable Prism collection of video calls [4]
> 1. https://www.theregister.com/2009/02/12/nsa_offers_billions_f...
> 2. https://www.wired.com/2011/05/microsoft-buys-skype-2/
> 3. https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/05/skype...
> 4. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/11/microsoft-nsa-...
Either way you slice it, Amazon likely owns at least an order of magnitude more FLOPS than any single system on the top500. What they presumably don't have is the low latency interconnects, etc., needed for traditional supercomputing.
[1] https://datacenterfrontier.com/amazon-approaches-1-gigawatt-...
[2] https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060048034
[3] https://sustainability.aboutamazon.com/sustainable-operation...
I didn't appreciate the importance of this (or the degree to which this just works as a result of multiple dispatch), but there's a good talk about this from JuliaCon 2019 [1] by Stefan Karpinski