ahewett

It is proprietary I guess, but I don't really mind talking about it :) I did a talk recently at Northwestern (The Garage) and they were interested, so I spilled the beans. I'd like to get that talk up actually.

I used the Bach's harpsichord concertos - Allegro/Presto/etc, since we're doing focus in that case. It's actually the 2nd most popular theme on the site! I made that one for myself to be honest - I grew up with those things and it was a labor of love, that one. Took some major reconfiguring, but it was worth it I think.

You're definitely not listening to the same thing each time. There's a huge variety. It doesn't generate the sessions in real-time (audio processing of this kind is very, very CPU intensive), but we take the data we get and process it for later use. At this point there's so many sessions "cached" that you get huge variety right off the bat and we're building up an infrastructure to create more sessions faster

I'll be adding more "themes" later. To explain, in some cases there are sessions that use a specific protocol, like the harpsichord one. That's static. But other themes are more flexible, and so different protocols can be used for the same theme. By protocol I mean what we're actually trying to stimulate in the brain.

Which category were you listening to?

It's definitely a whole different experience with headphones :)

Ahh! Damnit! I did not know that, sorry. Audio playback is remarkably inconsistent between browsers, or even between the same browser versions in different environments. It's a big headache.

Glad you dig the music :)

Sure! I spent some time looking through my library. Here's some, but there are more. There's some I really wanted to show you but will take more time to get the actual reference. Sorry, if you're interested, please email us when all this craziness is over :) Also apologies about the lack of consistent formatting or alphabetizing :)

Oudiette, D., G. Santostasi, and K.A. Paller, Reinforcing rhythms in the sleeping brain with a computerized metronome. Neuron, 2013. 78(3): p. 413-5.

Santostasi, G., R. Malkani, B. Riedner, M. Bellesi, G. Tononi, K.A. Paller, et al., Phase-locked loop for precisely timed acoustic stimulation during sleep. J Neurosci Methods, 2016. 259: p. 101-14.

Tononi, G., B.A. Riedner, B.K. Hulse, F. Ferrarelli, and S. Sarasso, Enhancing sleep slow waves with natural stimuli. . Medica Mundi, 2010. 54(2): p. 73–79.

Joyce, M. and Siever, D., 2000. "Audio-Visual Entrainment (AVE) Program as a Treatment for Behavior Disorders in a School Setting." Journal of Neurotherapy. 4, 9-25.

Berg, K., and Siever, D., 2009. "A controlled comparison of audio-visual entrainment for treating Seasonal Affective Disorder." Journal of Neurotherapy 13.3 (2009): 166-175.

Ossebaard, H. C., 2000. "Stress reduction by technology? An experimental study into the effects of brainmachines on burnout and state anxiety." Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 25, 93-101.

Huang TL1, Charyton C. 2008 A comprehensive review of the psychological effects of brainwave entrainment. Altern Ther Health Med. 2008 Sep-Oct;14(5):38-50.

R Olmstead Use of auditory and visual stimulation to improve cognitive abilities in learning-disabled children. Journal of Neurotherapy, 2005

Ong, J.L., J.C. Lo, N.I. Chee, i.G. Santostas, K.A. Paller, P.C. Zee, et al., Effecsts of Phase-Locked Acoustic Stimulation During a Nap On EEG Spectra and Declarative Memory Consolidation.

Ngo, H.V., T. Martinetz, J. Born, and M. Molle, Auditory closed-loop stimulation of the sleep slow oscillation enhances memory. Neuron, 2013. 78(3): p. 545-53.

With photic stimulation:

San Martini, P., Venturini, R., Zapponi, G. A. and Loizzo, A., 1979." Interaction between intermittent photic stimulation and auditory stimulation on the human EEG. Preliminary investigation through power spectral analysis." Neuropsychobiology. 5, 201-206.

Kumano, H., Horie, H., Kuboki, T., Suematsu, H., Sato, H., Yasushi, M., Kamei, T. and Masumura, S., 1997. "EEG-driven photic stimulation effect on plasma cortisol and beta-endorphin." Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 22, 193-208.

Nomura, T., Higuchi, K., Yu, H., Sasaki, S., Kimura, S., Itoh, H., Taniguchi, M., Arakawa, T. and Kawai, K., 2006. "Slow-wave photic stimulation relieves patient discomfort during esophagogastroduodenoscopy." J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 21, 54-58.

Solomon, G. D., 1985. "Slow wave photic stimulation in the treatment of headache--a preliminary report." Headache. 25, 444-446.

Budzynski, T., Jordy, J., Budzynski, H., Tang, H. and Claypoole, K., 1999. "Academic Performance Enhancement with Photic Stimulation and EDR Feedback. Journal of Neurotherapy." 3, 11-21.

Patrick, G. J., 1996. "Improved neuronal regulation in ADHD: An application of fifteen sessions of photic-driven EEG neurotherapy." Journal of Neurotherapy. 1, 27-36.

Hey, glad you like the music. :)

Regarding the Novella quote:

> [no evidence that] altering the brain waves changes the actual functioning of the brain

That post was from a while ago, so I'm not sure if he's updated his opinion, but there's plenty of evidence that changing brain waves affects the functioning of the brain. I feel I should have Giovanni respond to that specifically so I'll get him on here as soon as he's available.

> There is no compelling evidence for any effect beyond the period of entrainment itself.

There is evidence for it, but at any rate we're not claiming that. We're helping people sleep or relax while they listen, helping them focus while they listen.

> does this impart any more benefit than me listening to my favorite working music whilst working?

I'd be super interested to find out! In the study we did on our focus sessions, we compared very similar music - still generated by the AI actually. We have the unique ability to create a sham that sounds nearly identical to the experiment, due to the way we "disguise" the stimulation as vibrato, tremolo, normal instrumental vibrations, electronic LFOs, and so on. So we opted for that instead of letting them choose something from spotify, etc. I actually think we would have gotten a much greater result in that case, because the AI-generated music - although not containing "entraining" modulations - still obeyed rules designed to keep the music from being distracting (no lyrics or abrupt stops, volume consistency, avoiding certain frequency ranges (pitches), and so on). Even so, if you find your existing music to work, why switch? Give both a try, see what you think, base your decision on results. Or use both, depending on how you feel? Today I coded to Queen and then Brain.fm and then some Motown. I especially love video game soundtracks like Chrono Cross, WarcraftIII, Wipeout... Brain.fm is there if I need an extra boost.

I'd love to hear what you listen to? Kind of a hobby of mine to collect people's work music :)

Completely agree! Did you register for an account? If you do, it'll notice which ones you've listened to before and give you more variety. Also you can go to "Explore" and pick something you want. There's techno, classical, irish, spacey-ambient, electronic-symphonic combos, bunch of different nature sounds, indian music, mongolian chants, etc... I'll be adding a lot more music soon too. :)

We definitely need to work on the barrier-to-entry that the survey creates. Sorry about that. Working on it.

- Adam from Brain.fm

Hey, Adam from Brain.fm here :)

Thanks much for saying that you like the audio! You seem to be into this stuff so that's high praise.

Some clarifications:

> Imagine a rain sound... synchronized to the purpose.. marketing, benefits, etc

Sorry, you're right, that was just a miscommunication. We're all a bit stressed here - didn't expect this much attention.

So part of what we're doing in Brain.fm is using synchronized modulations (pulses of sound) to affect the brain. You're right, the literature on BWE could be better, mainly because binaural beats are so well-known, and so they keep getting studied, which is unfortunate because they're not all that effective. We don't use them at all. Northwestern actually studied a bunch of major bbeat brands and couldn't detect any effect at all (at least for delta). So when I approached my friend Giovanni with a sleep protocol he was understandably skeptical, but the results as you can see on our site, are pretty damn impressive. He's now our lead neuroscientist, but still works for Northwestern too. There's a lot more to that story but I don't want to type more of a novel than I already am :)

Actually... to be honest I'm not sure I even like the name "entrainment" - Giovanni has a better theory having to do with neuron "recruitment" that is simpler and has more explanatory power. Here's the thing: any repetitive audio stimuli produces a corresponding response in the brain, provided it is consistent enough, rapid enough, and lasts long enough. Bbeats supposedly work because of the "beat" part. But these days, we can easily create beats using all kinds of methods, like modulation, where we can adjust the waveform, adjust the phase on the fly, target frequency ranges, and so on, all of which are super important it turns out. Plus - as she mentioned - we can synchronize all the other elements in the song to the same "beat." All while monitoring the effects using an EEG.

Hope that helps clarify some things. Hey, I know it seems far out, so I'm happy to answer any questions. Giovanni will hopefully be on here tomorrow. I think a podcast, video, or something with the two of us explaining this stuff is long overdue.

Anyway, thanks again! Hope you come back and and we can talk some more about it.

Hey, Adam from Brian.fm here.

Thanks, glad you like it. There's a piece of my soul in that thing. Or I assume soul-transfer is what happens when you go full hermit for 5 months and gain 50 pounds creating something like this.

Any questions about the science or AI, happy to talk about it. :)

Sorry about that! We're under heavy load right now, and there's just a few of us :)

Registration is free though! Then you get more free sessions.

I hear we're planning on creating a longer trial program soon. But until then, I hope you'll give it another try.

For the record I don't really mind if people use it incognito, BUT it will keep giving you the same sessions over and over. So you're not getting but a fraction of the experience. We just need the survey so we can better adapt to you, and for benchmarks later on. It really doesn't take long. Also if you have an account it will adapt to you using ratings and other metrics, like if you skip a song consistently, etc.

- Adam from Brain.fm

Hey, this Adam from Brain.fm. I created the music "AI" thing.

Glad to have the praise of a musician! My family's very musical, so it took some convincing for them as well.

The thing is, it still takes creativity! It took me half a year to create it, and there's a little piece of my soul in this AI.

A horcrux, programmed in. :) It makes music how I would make music. Well, most of the time.

I had to create the thing because it was taking me a month to create a single session manually, and much of what I had to do was so precise that an algorithm could do it easier. Every note, every beat, has to be perfectly synchronized with the other filters we're applying to the music. So I built some algorithms, but they piled up, had to be constantly re-calibrated based on additions to the music as I kept composing. Keep in mind these are half hour to hour long pieces! And there's no shortcuts - I can't just throw a bunch of music in there, because even the smallest pop/overclip/dissonant moment, could wake someone up, or break their concentration... It just got to a point where something with more working memory than me had to take over.

The music in Brain.fm is very structured and obeys strict rules. There are some genres I can't get right yet - rock, folk, and so on. Although I'm always happy when people like it, and I like to think I did a good job giving the AI decent taste, I definitely don't have any illusions about this replacing humans :)

Did you take a listen to the Focus categories? Most of those are 120bpm. (skip around till you hit the classical one - I fed the AI harpsichord concertos I grew up with. Cool example of how maybe this could help some composers!)

Got a link to your stuff? Love to hear it.

- Adam

(oh and also there is definitely more than ambient music even in the relaxation sessions. Give it another listen if you have a moment. Skip around. There's indian music, mongolian chants, and the nature sounds are also all AI-generated. Every gust of wind, every raindrop :)

That's what we like to hear :)

- Adam from Brain.fm

Adam from Brain.fm here! Happy to answer any questions. :)

I've been doing this stuff for a while and I love talking about it.

I've contacted Giovanni, our lead neuroscientist, so hopefully he'll be able to get on soon as well.

I'm a regular of HN and it's wild to see something of mine up here.