How to dump things to any file the correct way using the postgres COPY command: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.4/static/sql-copy.html
Stored procedures: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.4/static/plpgsql.html (ok, this one is a bit big... but PL/pgSQL is damn powerful)
Clustering is a topic that lives outside PostgreSQL, there are some helpful posts on the wiki though: https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Replication,_Clustering,_an...
https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Clustering
Failover: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.4/static/warm-standby-failo... ( You should really read all of this though: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.4/static/high-availability.... )
Recovering from a crash: This is a difficult topic. There isn't a great single page in the documentation, but essentially it just replays x-logs (from what I remember last, this may have changed), and if you lose them, there are a number of options. pg_restore from a backup, use this: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.2/static/runtime-config-dev.... the list is pretty long for options.