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Yes, they are probably posing as citizens of their other nationality. Generally they are probably bribing institutions to get their work done.

> Were there actually passport controls at the frontiers?

Generally any real passport control is probably implemented more as an extortion scheme. "Pay 50 ₹ or else!"

you are almost certainly correct but there's a possibility that folks could be hassled etcetera: taken advantage of basically.this is a part of the world where the basic things we rely on don't exist institutions rights etcetera

Aside: > we

everyone isn't in a developed region

My advisor Clem Heusch once took me hiking from France to Switzerland, right by an unoccupied border post.

Its construction suggested it was built either by Napoleon or by the Swiss to defend itself from him. It was just big enough that one soldier with his Nutcracker Suite hat could stand in it.