-EVOO is best for salad dressings, oily dipping sauces.
-Olive oil is best for raw emulsions (aioli, etc)
-Canola for high heat stovetop
-Vegetable for baking and deep frying
-Sesame for Asian
-Don't worry about flavored oils until a recipe calls for them or you're comfortable experimenting
One of my favorite books for cooking is by Harold McGee, 'On Food and Cooking'. He takes a wonderful look at the science (chemistry and physics) behind your food and cooking, and I learned quite a bit from it. If you get the chance, it's worth picking up.