It is possible that he's referring to mutable and covariant types being unsound.

As an example, let's assume that you have two classes, Cat and Dog, both inheriting from Animal, and that you have a covariant mutable List implementation.

Say you have a value of type List[Cat]. Since List is covariant, this value can legally be passed to a function that expects a parameter of type List[Animal].

Now, imagine you have a function that expects a List[Animal] and adds a Dog to it. That's a legal operation: Dog extends Animal and can thus be used this way.

Putting the two together, you have a perfectly legal way of adding a Dog to a List[Cat], which a sound type system should not allow. An example of that is Java's Array, which is both covariant and mutable, and that as a result can yield type errors at runtime.

I'm not the one you were replying to, but maybe seanmcdirmid means this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_and_contravariance_...

But I thought that was pretty well understood, so I don't know what he thinks is open...