India took the path to education and propaganda to voluntarily reduce the fertility rate. I don't think India has failed in its initiatives. Instead, I think they are going extremely well given that there is no legal limit on how many kids you can have. India is on track to reach peak-population by 2060. [1]
Most educated middle class couples would not think of having more than 2 kids (this has been true for the last 15/20+ years) and now we are entering a phase where a small minority is choosing to go without kids, completely.[2]
The total fertility rate in India has gone from 6 to 2.5 in the last 50 years. (Google for "total fertility rate india")
Edit: One more thing - there are 11 states in India that are at or below a TFR of 2.1 [3].
Net net - far from a failure, India is making good progress.
[1]: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indias-population-w...
[2]: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/...
[3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_states_ranking_by_fertil...