Your body wasn’t built to last: a lesson from human mortality rates
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of...
As a student with a mathematics background (and boy do we love 'simplifications'). I can never stop theorizing and thinking about what would happen if we would just insist on a maximum age of lets say 80. It will probably never happen, but just think about it. It's both morbid and fascinating in it's own sense.
That's an unwarranted claim. Various quantities of interest of complex systems more often than not follow certain statistical distributions. This is especially true about natural systems.
Flip 100 coins, call it one trial. Perform such trials a large number of times, a few hundred let's say. For each trial count the number of heads. In the end create a histogram (frequency of N-head trials, N ranging from 0 to 100). It'll look like a gaussian distribution! The emergence of such distribution feels strange, even though we pretty much know everything about the system. (Incidentally this is related to the Central Limit Theorem). Similar idea applies to human mortality distributions.
The best you could say is that these are very counter-intuitive observations/facts.
It wouldn't suprise me to learn that it's basically planned obsolescence - i.e. that there's an evolutionary advantage to a species that cycles through individuals as rapidly as possibly (while leaving enough time to produce a lot of progeny).
EX: A fruit fly needs far less cancer defenses than a squirrel. And, 2 fruit flies can become 2,000 fruit fly's a lot faster than 2 squirrels can become 2,000 squirrels. But, fruit fly's can't eat nuts so as long as trees produce nuts there is a nitch it takes something with at least the mass of a squirrels to fill.
Iron and heavy metals accumulate in tissues over time. The tissue membranes accumulate an increasing share of polyunsaturated lipids, which in turn interfere with efficient metabolism. Many ways that biological tissue wears out over time are well understood. It's not just some mystery.
Evolution programmed us to make a human, but it didn't program us to stop developing. We're like a cake left in the oven. No one told the concrete suppliers to go home, so they just keep dumping it everywhere on our completed skyscraper.
We were built to die.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_immortality#Lobsters
this seems frowned upon in Biology, but then at least you are invited to fix your analogy later on.
This might be one of the more accessible papers: http://www.genetics.org/content/156/3/927.short#ref-10
I think the real issue is that when it comes to complex animals, it's much easier to build a brand new one than to repair existing ones. Our genes encode how to grow a human from scratch, but now how to deal with the myriad of problems that can occur as a result of normal wear and tear. Repairing an ageing body is a completely different problem from growing one.
We do have some DNA that deals with maintenance processes, but I think the issue is that these processes inevitably can't cope. It's like trying to patch up an old house. You can keep doing little fixes here and there, but at some point, serious renovations are needed, and we're just not genetically equipped to do that.
You have to wonder what it is nature could do anyway, if humans living to be extremely old had been selected for. Old human bodies are so broken, we'd need to be able to grow entirely new ones and shed body parts, even regrow brain tissue. We'd need a metamorphosis on the level of what butterflies go through.
Apparently some people think even bacteria age - http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111027150207.ht... (whatever that means in an organism that divides).
Gender comes in because asexual reproduction would produce offspring virtually identical to their parent which means a successful parasite would have a large number of hosts to exploit. By combining DNA from two different individuals (note how much we avoid individuals from the same family with substantially similar DNA) things are mixed up enough to give a head start against the parasites.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Red_Queen:_Sex_and_the_Evo...
I'd argue the opposite, that natural selection depends entirely on death, not just to weed out the less fit, but also because Without death, there would be no evolution. This is by definition, at least for an environment that can only support a limited population. Corollary: The maximum rate of evolution is proportional to the rate of generation turnover, that is to say it is inversely proportional to life span. (http://qr.ae/L5v6z)
Mother Nature did not build us to last, but quite "intentionally".
it is true for r-selection only.
Second, there is no contradiction between the two theories. According to r/K selection, long life-span is a typical characteristic of K-selected species, while short lifespan is typical for the r-selected. The theory I espouse would simple add that the continuum between K-selected and r-selected species would tend to correspond to a continuum of evolutionary rates.
If you still disagree, please follow the link and point out flaws in the argument.
Looking at the last 2B years who has shown higher "global" evolutionary rate - the line of living matter leading to humans or the line leading to fish?
While of course it is obvious that the "local" evolutionary rate - rate of producing and churning through minor changes - is higher for shorter lived.
In short - giving the result the human rate of evolution
From some quick googling (if I had time I'd come up with better):
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolphil/teleology.html
http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/04/not-as-evolved...
http://spacetimechronicles.blogspot.com/2009/03/are-we-pinna...
it isn't false, it is true - the evolution leads to exponentially more complex systems. There is a very simple mathematical reason for that - evolution changes are small continuous deltas and a delta-changes to a more complex system cover more volume in the parameter space. Very rough - an organism with 2 times more types of cells, limbs, other morphological and behavioral features, etc.. will produce 2 times more of survivable variations.
>humans are the farthest along that teleological path.
mammals are farthest down the complexity path and humans just a bit further as it seems that we have a bit more complex brain.
Your Harward link is wrong on at least 2 metrics of biological systems both of which shows clear [exponential] increase as result of evolution - complexity and entropy increase integrated over given biological system's life-path in the space-time (that ability to maximize entropy beyond what can be achieved by following local gradient is the main differentiator between live and regular matter)
If you still disagree, can you follow the link and point out flaws in the logic there?
Here's his profile: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=NCQ3E5sAAAAJ&hl=en...
It's weird, we all pretend like it won't happen. We do our best to live without thinking about the fact that we have a X% chance of not making it to our next birthday.
I thought about my friend from college who died of cancer a year or so ago. I thought about my parents, who are quickly approaching those scary 1-in-1XX odds of dying every year.
It's like there's this scary axe-murderer out there, who's killing people left and right, and we all just do our best to ignore him. Because there's no stopping him. He'll come for you... He'll come for all of us. The only thing you can do is try not to think about it.
Picture any time before you were born. If it's not scary or sad to think about that, then thinking about a time after you die shouldn't be any different.
If you're worried about the actual moment of transition, it's probably going to be either too abrupt for you to really react to it (accident or violence), or you'll be super tired/unconscious and it'll basically be a relief, like sleep. This isn't a guarantee, but it's pretty likely.
As far as I'm concerned, as long as I can avoid a slow, painful death, it's all good. This is why torturous murders/executions and outlawing euthanasia are the most horrible things that people can inflict on each other-- you're ruining a person's only shot at a good death.
In fact looking at causes of death: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm
Heart disease: 611,105 Cancer: 584,881 Chronic lower respiratory diseases: 149,205 Accidents (unintentional injuries): 130,557 Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases): 128,978 Alzheimer's disease: 84,767 Diabetes: 75,578 Influenza and Pneumonia: 56,979 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis: 47,112 Intentional self-harm (suicide): 41,149
Most of the causes can last a long time.
Even a heart attack might not kill you immediately these days you might linger on for a bit due to timely medical care.
So you better be ready for some suffering just like Ivan Ilyitch.
I'm just saying!
It is many people's (and my) opinion that death is one of the most tragic facts of life we currently face. All that knowledge and personality and life that makes up a person just disappears? What an idiotic process. If we can put an end to it we should.
population growth is caused by procreation which is just other side of the coin to mortality. If (big "if" actually) species of immortals (who thus wouldn't need any significant procreation) would have higher evolution speed than mortal&procreation species then immortals would take over. We'll see this split (and resulting competition between subspecies) in human species in the coming decades.
So I don't think your argument from resource constraints and carrying capacity is self-evident.
I think that graph would look almost perfect if the decay was exponential rather than linear. A better hypothesis would be every time you are hit by a lightning bolt, you are twice as likely to be restruck every year. So if you are hit and it was a 1/40 chance, next year would be a 1/20 chance until you are hit 5 times.
I'd really like to see a study that examines people's life expectancy when they move (very early) from a modern environment to one that resembles their parents' living conditions 10-20 years ago, the hypothesis being that their genes would have adapted to cope with those conditions and not with more recent changes, so they might live longer and healthier on average. Usually we do the opposite, many people move from rural to urban areas, so they need to adapt to more changes than those happening at an already fast pace in one area.
(apologies for half-serious unscientific techie ramblings)
*And all the other organisms that "reproduce" this way.
The frustrating part is if people throw enough money at the problem it can be solved ! its not like the problem of time-travel or anti-gravity. Ageing in just a computation problem that can be solved with enough data !
I wished my fellow humans spent a large part of the economy trying to solve it.
Those capabilities -- self repair and energy collection -- should allow many orders of magnitude greater longevity. The fact that they haven't indicates that those capabilities are not optimized for longevity. Ie., we were not 'built to last.'
We were optimized for species-longevity through reproduction, not individual longevity. The fact that we've existed as a species for hundreds of thousands of years is more like what you should expect from something that is built to last.
wikipedia: The Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality describes the age dynamics of human mortality rather accurately in the age window from about 30 to 80 years of age.
So, he cuts off the high risk childhood, teen, and 20s and everyone over 80? Yeah, that's how you get such a smooth graph. So not exactly pseudoscience, but definitely dishonest. Seems to me there are a lot of people who think nice clean graphs are 'beautiful' and try to fit in data and act pretentious about some 'mystery' link to math or the universe or somesuch. The same way every hack pop-science writer fits everything to the Fibonacci sequence. Uh, no, all this seems to say is that if youre healthy enough to hit age 30, you probably have a nice normalized mortality rate from then on to about 80.
Skipping the first 30 years and anything over 80 is the only way this "beautiful" math and "mystery" works. When we include all ages, its a pretty predictable graph:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of...
Lots of craziness at first then a regular slope until the end.
It's 100% valid mathematics and statistics, based on verifiable observations.