Elon Musk (a Physics student) has a great quote about Physics, where he talks about reasoning from first principles and "try to identify the most fundamental truths in any particular arena and you reason up from there." I agree - you get that foundation and way of thinking, and it can help you in all kinds of work.
If you're good at abstract thinking - a skill seemingly rare among the younger members of society these days - you can do pretty much anything. So it's much less about what you CAN do and much more about what you WANT to do, so focus on that, knowing you have a solid foundation to support you.
I am satisfied with how much mental stimulus I got from my education - I proved to myself that I had the intelligence necessary to get a PhD. After being unemployed for 2 1/2 years, I am happy enough doing web development - it treats me very well as far as pay and quality of life goes, sure beating being homeless. I find enough challenging problems (if not as intense as those I saw in graduate school) to keep me mentally happy, and I have an opportunity to make a difference in my & other people's careers through mentorship and leadership.
For yourself, take a long hard thought at your options - what would you want to do? Becoming an academic is a possibility, but academia is hard to succeed in. You could go the data scientist route, which is a meld of research and coding - there are plenty of unsolved problems there, and uses some of your current skills.
What do you want to do first?
Studying physics meant I have always had a way to think about any science question any student has ever asked. I can't answer every question, but I can always give students a good way to think about answering their question.
These days I'm working hard to apply what I know about programming to solve long standing problems in education. The education field is about 40 years behind the programming world as far as making efficient tools available to everyone in the field, which means there is much low-hanging fruit for someone with a solid grounding in both education and software development.
I want to build the Emacs and GitHub of the education world.
I've been toying with the idea of returning to grad school, but if I do I'm going to need to spend some time brushing up on my math. It's been decades.
I dropped out of UCSC after the first quarter of my junior year to work as a software developer. The only reason I ever graduated was that I grew weary of always been asked why I never graduated (during job interviews).
I'm not so sure I would return to particle physics, more likely I would do something to contribute to an equitable and just solution to the problem of energy production, distribution or storage.