Folding fractions
plus.maths.org
plus.maths.org
Fold an arbitrary length perpendicular to the axis you want, then fold that length again... To X folds. Fold diagonally from top corner to the last fold then fold at the the intersections.
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|___| |___| |___| |_|_|_|To be clearer: It is impossible to come up with a general algorithm to exactly trisect an arbitrary angle using only a straightedge (not a ruler) and a compass in a finite number of steps.
And the straightedge isn't a ruler because it can't be used to measure distances. Neither can the compass. This is an axiom system, and therefore the rules are absolute.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass-and-straightedge_constr...
Ruler derives, I gather, from Latin regula which just means a straight stick or bar and in turn derives from terms referring to keeping straight (literally or figuratively).
tl;dr measuring stick ⊂ ruler.
You can also use it in the opposite direction, so instead of bringing the point up to a specific mark on the top edge going from left to right (e.g. 1/2 on top gets you 2/3 on the right that you divide in two to get 1/3), you plan it so that your right edge get's crossed at 2/n (e.g. fold the paper so that the y length is 1/2, then your point will hit the 1/3 mark at the top of the paper). This is useful when you want to go from an easy fraction like 1/8 to 1/7, as opposed to going from 1/4 through 1/5 and 1/6 to get to 1/7.
Possibly somewhat off-topic, but the proof for the equation sin(A + B) = sin A.cos B + cos B.sin X is quite a nifty diagram that can be found here:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trigonometric_identitie...
Origamics: Mathematical Explorations Through Paper Folding https://books.google.com/books?id=zJR2Rr_wuFQC
It reminds me of a card trick that I learned as a child that appeared to work by magic, but instead worked every time because it involved something complex going on involving math.