My wife practices ayurveda so we eat a lot of Indian food.
In terms of the flavor profiles they mention in the article, ayurveda has a concept of the 6 tastes: sweet, sour, salty, pungent, astringent and bitter. A well-balanced meal should include all the tastes.
I am not sure how much ayurveda has influenced "Indian" style cooking, but I assume quite a bit. Maybe someone else can weigh in on it.
And yes it does require quite a number of ingredients.
Example, the breakfast I just made included:
Poha (flattened rice), mushrooms, coconut flakes, onions, green beans, almonds, potatoes, apples, cilantro, mustard seeds, hing, turmeric powder, cumin powder, salt, lime, chilis, coconut oil
Took about 20 mins to prepare.