Could anyone comment on whether it would be possible to use a system like this for producing on-demand aggregations with filters over 100M rows with sub-second response time?
What is your insert/update/delete rate? If low, maybe look at postgresql in-memory column-store https://github.com/knizhnik/imcs/
Another way may be voltdb. Since it's partitioned+single-thread/partition, and cross-partition queries are slow, you'll probably have to make a query for each partition and group results on the app.
Also curious.