Stenographer – A full-packet-capture utility
github.com
github.com
I wonder if O_DIRECT writes can happen from DPDK memory space? If not, we don't gain anything, since we'd need to copy packets into RAM for writes anyway.
Supporting stock Linux is definitely a nice-to-have... I'd like to make this a relatively easily installed deb. Currently, all dependencies are available via apt-get in stock Ubuntu.
An open source high performance rolling packet dump with packet index for incident response.
To be honest, I had imagined Google already had solutions like this internally :)
These have been commercially available for a few years, look at RSA Security Analytics (formerly NetWitness), or BlueCoat Security Analytics (formerly Solera). Or the (open source) Bro Time Machine. I used to work with one of these products in the past.
What make systems like this a lot more powerful is more and easier search and retrieval. While indexing IP numbers and port numbers is good, it will get much more useful if you can connect it to something like 'bro' and get session level data and then index filenames, user-agents, file hashes, and others pieces of information. I'm sure you can see the use cases.
Having an easy way to query 'all traffic with this particular user agent', together with the full packet capture, which allows you to write new rules, can significantly increase the efficiency of a security team.
Apart from the streaming analytics, once the PCAP data is stored, you can use mapreduce type operations on them to search through yesterday's data with today's IDS signatures (look at PacketPig/what Packetloop does). Maybe a lambda architecture is the way to go, or just reprocess old data through the same stream processing.
Cool work though! I'm curious where this will go next.
https://github.com/google/stenographer/blob/master/DESIGN.md
Is LevelDB the best choice out there for write once KV pairs? For, say, IP address indexing, what's the final bits/packet overhead of indexing?
I didn't see any compression for the packet data. Did you consider high perf compression like LZ4?
Is AF_PACKET better than PF_RING+DNA? It's been a while since I looked but with hardware accel they boasted massive perf advantages.
Excellent design docs and cool work!
Query Performance: Right now, we've got test machines deployed with 8 500GB disks for packets + 1 indexing disk (all 15KRPM spinning disks). They keep at 90% full, or roughly 460GB/disk, about 1K files/disk. Querying over the entire corpus (~4TB of packets) for something innocuous like 'port 65432' takes 25 seconds to return ~50K packets (that's after dropping all disk caches). The same query run again takes 1.5 sec, with disk caches in place. Of course, the number of packets returned is a huge factor in this... each packet requires a seek in the packets file. Searching for something that doesn't exist (host 0.0.0.1) takes roughly 5 seconds. Note that time-based queries, like "port 4444 and after 3h ago and before 1h ago" do choose to only query certain files, taking advantage of the fact that we name files by microsecond timestamp and we flush files every minute.
A big part of query performance is actually over-provisioning disks. We see disk throughput of roughly 160-180MB/s. If we write 160MB/s, our read throughput is awful. If we write 100MB/s, it's pretty good. Who would have thought: disks have limited bandwidth, and it's shared between reads and writes. :)
We actually don't use LevelDB... we use the SSTables that underly LevelDB. Since we know we're write-once, we use https://github.com/google/leveldb/blob/master/include/leveld... directly for writes (and its Go equivalent for reads). I'm familiar with the file format (they're used extensively inside Google), so it was a simple solution. That said, it's been very successful... we tend to have indexes in the 10s of MBs for 2-4GB files. Of course, index size/compressibility is directly correlated with network traffic: more varied IPs/ports would be harder to compress. The built-in compression of LevelDB tables is also a boon here... we get prefix compression on keys, plus snappy compression on packet seek locations, for free.
We currently do no compression of packets. Doing so would definitely increase our CPU usage per packet, and I'm really scared of what it would do to reads. Consider that reading packets in compressed storage would require decompressing each block a packet is in. On the other hand, if someone wanted to store packets REALLY long term, they could easily compress the entire blockfile+index before uploading to more permanent storage. I expect this would be better than having to do it inline. Even if we did build it in, we'd probably do it tiered (initial write uncompressed, then compress later on as possible).
AF_PACKET is no better than PF_RING+DNA, but I also don't think it's any worse. They both have very specific trade-offs. The big draw for me for AF_PACKET is that it's already there... any stock Linux machine will already have it built in and working. Thus steno should "just work", while a PF_RING solution has a slightly higher barrier to entry. I think PF_RING+DNA should give similar performance to steno... but libzero currently probably gives better performance because packets can be shared across processes. This is a really interesting problem that I'm wondering if we could also solve with AF_PACKET... but that's a story for another day. Short story: I wanted this to work on stock linux as much as possible.
I'm interested because I wrote an app-specific indexer, but with requiring "interactive" query response times over a couple TB, for multiple users. But that was years ago, before LevelDB and Snappy, and Kyoto Cabinet had far too much overhead per kv), and on small CPUs and a single 7200rpm disk. I got compressions rates of 5 to 6 using QuickLZ; a non-trivial gain.
I was looking at this problem space again and considering a delta+int compression approach to offsets, given they're just incremental. (And there are cool SIMD algorithms for 'em.) But it sounds like SSTable + fscache is fast enough, wow, that's pretty cool!
The decompression of blocks in some apps doesn't have to be much of a penalty if there's a reasonable amount of clustering going on in the sample set. What I did was instead of just splitting blocks on time, I segmented them based on flow and time. I did L7 inspection, and an old quad-core Core2 could handle 1Gbps, so 10Gbps is probably achievable nowadays, certainly for L4 flows. That way there's great locality for most queries.
Further, the real cost is the seek, and transferring a few more sectors won't cost as much. If you're using mmap'd IO for reading, you might be able to compress pages and not pay any IO penalty, right? And in fact, it might even reduce the number of seeks, due to increasing clustering of packets onto the same page. And I think some of the fastest compression algorithms only look back a very small amount, like 16K or 64K anyways? Although, this is probably easier done just by using a compressed filesystem cause the cache management code is probably nontrivial.
As far as compressing offsets, I haven't done any specific measurements but my intuition is that snappy (really any compression algorithm) gives us a huge benefit, since all offsets are stored in-order: they tend to have at least 2 prefix bytes in common, so it's highly compressible.
I experimented with mmap'ing all files in stenographer when it sees them, and it turned out to have negligible performance benefits... I think because the kernel already does disk caching in the background.
I think compression is something we'll defer until we have an explicit need. It sounds super useful, but we tend not to really care about data after a pretty short time anyway... we try to extract "interesting" pcaps from steno pretty quickly (based on alerts, etc). It's a great idea, though, and I'm happy to accept pull requests ;)
Overall, I've been really pleased with how doing the simplest thing actually gives us good performance while maintaining understand-ability. The kernel disk caching means we don't need any in-process caching. The simplest offset encoding + built-in compression gives great compression and speed. O_DIRECT gives really good disk throughput by offloading all write decisions to the kernel. More often than not, more clever code gave little or even negative performance gains.
I wonder how much would change if you were to use a remote store for recording packets, like S3 or other blob storage. In such cases the transfer time overhead _might_ make the compression tradeoff different. And the whole seek-to-offset might need a chunking system anyways (although I guess you can just Range when requesting a blob, but the overhead is much larger than a disk seek).
and large chunks of code is in go :), with only performance related stuff (read packet-capture) being done in c++, pretty cool.
It's a topic I don't know much about, and I think it'd reinforce the claim this isn't for user monitoring.
I do however have at least anecdotal experience with how these sorts of systems work. The idea is that as a large company, you traditionally pump all of your internet through a firewall, which scans it all online, does deep packet inspection etc to look for attackers.
Then, because it takes up a lot of space, you ditch it, and perhaps keep finer grained logfiles - perhaps just the DNS requests or headers or suspicious packets etc.
The idea here is that for many companies, this isn't helpful when you do get owned - you'll have deleted most of the relevant data (showing exactly what got exfiltrated etc, how it happened etc) and you might have some logfiles showing TCP addresses but you know little else.
Since a company of 1000 will use no more than around 1-10TB per day for its staff, it's actually now feasible to store every packet that is sent in and out of your network - you could store for 90 days on around 0.1-1PB - which is actually fairly affordable for a company of that size.
Then, you either run large (more expensive than can be done in a firewall) jobs over the data offline to look for intrusions, or wait for a breach and then drill down on the data to try to learn exactly what happened.
The reason why this isn't really a tool for monitoring users is:
a) What can you do to track users that you couldn't already do with systems that don't store all the data? b) The target seems to be corporate networks who can and should monitor what their users are doing on their network. c) The nature of this sort of data is that because it's not really indexed any specific searches would be very expensive - perhaps requiring runthroughs of terabytes of data. So individually spying on many people isn't really doable without further processing - this is really just a big packet dumper.
If you were going to try and monitor random Joe Public, then you'd certainly be fitting a device like this to a computer their traffic would be passing through - but this isn't useful for someone who's not an ISP or nation state (and in that case, there'd probably be smarter ways of doing this (since here, you can only sniff local connections)). For Google, the most they'd be able to sniff is communications from their users to their own servers - which isn't a huge bonus for the costs.
Even for an ISP, it'd just be massively expensive and unhelpful - a UK ISP (Plusnet) I just searched up has around 800,000 ADSL users, and at peak time they see total usage of 130Gbps-ish. Even assuming average half utilisation of 65Gbps, that's still 702TB a day. That's a massive amount of data to store for any reason. The reason you (bad person) only store the metadata is beause the metadata is the valuable part!
I welcome corrections :)
This is a 20% project. While it's one we plan to use internally, it's not a "supported" Google product. It's just another open-source project along with the many others we use to keep our networks secure.
Also, it's designed specifically to do one thing (packet history) and do it well. In no way is it a complete solution; this is a building block for network detection and response.
To reiterate some of the salient points:
1) Disk is REALLY cheap these days.
2) NIDS don't store lots of history, because they're optimized for detecting patterns and signatures. So they might find something in the middle of a TCP stream and send an alert, but you don't have much context around it. This allows you to build that context by requesting all packets from that stream during a (possibly very long) time range.
3) There's a ton of reasons why this isn't used to monitor users:
* it's wrong: I'd flat-out refuse to build something designed to monitor users
* it wouldn't work #1: most interesting user traffic is encrypted on the wire
* it wouldn't work #2: our production network architecture is not good at single aggregation points
* it wouldn't work #3: there aren't enough disks in the world to handle our production network load
* it's redundant: applications can already do per-application, structured monitoring as necessary for debugging/auditing/etc.
> Then, you either run large (more expensive than can be done in a firewall) jobs over the data offline to look for intrusions, or wait for a breach and then drill down on the data to try to learn exactly what happened.
I was thinking in terms of offline jobs, and don't have a good intuition for what those rules would look like. I'm also skeptical that your average company would have the expertise to write a good set of rules. So I was interested to see that "half" of an IDS tool.
I think the real answer is that it truly is just a rolling packet dump, and it's up to you to use it however you choose.
I can think of uses outside of network security: capturing traffic from your mobile devices on your home network (maybe this is just IDS if you're watching for the contents of your address book to be exfiltrated by a malicious app), or snooping on people through a Internet cafe, library, or other (small) open network that you administer.
For these uses, just like IDS, you'd want to run offline jobs against the data. Whether that's a full scan for something interesting, or an indexing pass that extracts (portions?) into a more easily viewable form.
set up snort and steno
foreach snort alert
request all packets in stream from steno: srcIP,srcPort,dstIP,dstPort match
OR request all packets on that srcIP,dstIP, to get OTHER connections between those hosts
store pcap to directory (or central DB, or whatever)
2) Disk management. Rotates old data, etc
3) Indexing and supports efficient retrieval while writing.
It allows to analyse the traffic after the fact, at 10Gbps line speed.
Look here how they handle this in stenographer: https://github.com/google/stenographer/blob/65fb928e6bce276c...
I guess that in principle they could have patched tcpdump, but it's probably easier to have a smaller software written to do exactly what you want rather than extend a general purpose mature complex tool such as tcpdump.