The three most popular distros are all based on Debian (Mint, Ubuntu, Debian).
Ubuntu was/is intended to replace Windows, including in the enterprise. It's backed by a for-profit company called Canonical, which makes its money by offering enterprise support. The benefit of Ubuntu is that Canonical patches/supports LTS versions for a long period of time, and you can rely on those a little bit more. Another benefit is that they pay people to maintain packages, so you can always find Ubuntu repos for things.
Mint is basically Ubuntu with a more "classic" desktop bundled with it. You can achieve the same thing by using XFCE or some GNOME-alternative on Ubuntu though. It really depends how deep you want to go with that stuff.
DistroWatch offers a guide to choosing a distro[1] as well as a ranking in popularity[2].
I used to love Fedora, but it was too buggy for me. I've heard the latest release is fantastic, though.
elementaryOS is getting a lot of buzz right now, so look into that as well.
1. http://distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=major
2. http://distrowatch.com/dwres.php?resource=popularity