Then (this is the important part) soon after the note-taking session is done, I go back and answer all my questions from memory, in writing. That lets me get tons of stuff down on paper later at a slower pace, and it also helps to cement the stuff in my mind because I'm not distracted by trying to write it all down while it's happening. Forcing myself to recall it also does a lot to make it stick.
Usually I can use my questions as cues to go look up the stuff I forget, and if there's something that I know I'll forget and won't be able to look up, I'll try to write that down (that's pretty rare though).
So don't. :-)
I don't know if 'paper' was a figure-of-speech to mean 'some recorded format', but if it was, get yourself a cheap Chromebook. I (and I expect most) can type a lot faster than they can write, so that's step one.
Step two is to just work on making your notes as brief and concise whilst still being intelligible to you. Unless whatever somebody is saying is extremely densely packed with critical information, there is a lot of filler you easily can cut out.
For example, if someone read your post to me, all I would write is:
- Tips for efficient/effective notes?
Another option is just to use an app like Notes+ or Apple's notes app.