Are you treated with misrepect if you feel a mistake is being made, but you can't back it up ?
I believe students and young doctors should be pushed towards raising their concerns even if they can't back it up. From an external viewpoint I also believe progress can be made in that direction (I never worked in a hospital).
Our subconscious mind recognizes something and predicts a bad outcome, which gives us a feeling of something being wrong.
That's what expertise is essentially. Being able to offload things that took conscious effort before into the unconscious. So a bad feeling from an expert (subordinates are experts as well) should be voiced, and investigated.
There are hundreds of situations where you believe something is a mistake but can't give clear supportive arguments. I hope blaming young medical professionals for raising their concerns in these situations is not the norm.
The original parent referred to "obvious mistakes" made by physicians, which I don't think your scenario encompasses.
When experienced people see something that doesn't fit, they often don't immediately know what subconscious cue let them know that something was wrong, and it is often someone else who can supply the critical piece of information. If you want good outcomes, you DO NOT push them to suppress their thought process. Instead you encourage them to speak up, everyone tries to figure it out, and then the final result helps train people's intuition of, "This is OK" and "This wasn't, you were right to wonder what about this situation reminded you of that case we saw last year where someone died."
If you are serious about finding problems, you need to not prematurely shut off feedback. Requiring people who think something doesn't look right to have backed that opinion up before they speak up is a problem.