“The Imitation Game” and Alan Turing’s Real Contribution to Computing
charlespetzold.com
charlespetzold.com
With his famous paper, Turing (1) formalized the concept of the computation and (2) showed, analogously to Gödel, that there are some facts about computing that aren't reachable by computational means. He also did things like saving the world by decrypting the German Enigma machine. Yet he was a socially marginalized individual who died tragically because of it. I haven't seen the movie, don't know what it's about. But I know it's not made for computer scientists, and we should be glad that Turing is finally getting the recognition he desereves.
PS: Remember home grown heroes get all the credit whatever their actual contributions.
In 1942 the Battle of the Atlantic was far from undecided and without cracking the naval Enigma it is entirely possible that Britain would not have been able to effectively stay in the war, or send convoys to Russia.
It was still much more of a team effort than usually presented though. It does irritate slightly the way that people concentrate on the code cracking and Turing as it seems unfair in to directions: it forgets the other people who also contributed significantly, and pretty much ignores the significant work that Turning did do largely solo.
There's only one person who became famous on the grounds that he's so great, almost nobody even understands what he's done - and that's Einstein.
My father was a child in central Italy during WWII. He was about 8 years old when the Americans pushed the German line north of his home town in 1944.
My father tells a story about how after the Germans were safely gone, he and his friends raided an abandoned German supply depot near his home. Inside, they found an unusual typewriter with built-in rotary dials. They had no idea what it was, and eventually they carried it to a nearby field and blew it up with explosives that they also stole from the depot. I have no idea if it was an Enigma machine, but it kind of fits the description.
Also, this is a tremendous story that took place near his hometown (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Sasso_raid). Unfortunately, the bad guys pulled off the daring raid.
*edits for clarity and I think the year was '44, but I don't recall clearly anymore.
"Handsome-looking; persecuted or his sexuality; single-handedly wins WW II; then either commits suicide, is murdered, or accidentally poisons himself; not formally pardoned until decades later" is a great hero narrative. "Plain-looking; makes a seminal contribution whose impact won't be realize until much later; survives the war, goes home, becomes an accountant and never talks to anybody for 20 years", not so much.
EX: The Edward Snowden 'leaks' of NSA collecting phone record information was treated as a 'new' leak. However, such spying was common for other parts of the government to the point where apparently a drug lord used a one such database to clean house internally. So, phone records might be useful for finding terrorists, but there clearly useful for finding snitches.
Its also a weird production. I'm not even sure who made this movie. It seems that it was produced by a near non-entity called Black Bear Pictures out of NYC, which shows only this movie and three others on their webpage. It was directed by a nobody with 3 other mediocre films under his belt and written by a novice writer. It really has "pet indie project of a wealthy person or two" written all over it. Shame really, a more mature and historically serious team probably would have punched out a better film.
There's a great Turing/Enigma/WWII film to be made, and this just isn't it. Considering its poor box office response (only 1m so far), I imagine this will be the only one, ever for Turing. I really feel his story is Spielberg or Scorsese worthy, but now alas, Turing is established as box office poison.
http://www.boxofficemojo.com/daily/chart/?view=1day&sortdate...
Sort by average and it wins. It was a very entertaining movie. It would do well in a wider release.
> any conceivable mathematical calculation can be done by a single device shuffling 1’s and 0’s back and forth
seems right. It does not say that Turing's machine solves every problem. It says it does every conceivable calculation.
That was Turing's contribution (anyway, one of them). The controversy at the time (1930's) was that there were a number of proposed definitions for what are conceivable mathematical computations (Kleene, Post, Herbrand ..). All of them gave schemes that the authors claimed were exhaustive. Turing's paper convinces a reader, as it convinced Godel, that his definition does indeed do everything mechanically possible (and everyone else's definitions, since they all prove to be equi-powerfull).
Of course Godel knew there were unsolvable problems. The question was whether there was a single maximally-powerful device.
Turing was decades ahead of the rest of us. It's a shame that we're portraying him so inaccurately (though really, not nearly as shameful as how we treated him when he lived).
That seems unfair to Alonzo Church.
2. Pretty much all sequences with the Bombe are a cringe because they appear to be building a machine but not know what it is for. It's implied that it's a Turing Machine.
3. They apparently hadn't thought of using a crib resulting in a dramatic run back to Bletchley from the pub sequence to get the Bombe working.
4. John Cairncross didn't work in Turing's group. So the whole plot with Cairncross and Turing and blackmail is nonsense.
5. Gordon Welchman doesn't appear in the film and Hugh Alexander is instead credited with coming up with the Bombe diagonal board.
6. Turing is shown building a computer in his home in the early 1950s. Not likely.
7. Turing never told a Manchester police officer his entire life story revealing all of Bletchley's secrets. Also, he didn't try to stop the police investigation. He's the one that reported the burglary.
8. Joan Clarke wasn't recruited through a crossword competition, she was already known to be a bright mathematician.
I could go on.
Of course, none of this had to happen. I met the director and offered (for free) to help them get stuff right.
Yes, but without Gordon Welchman (the person who brought her on board), they needed some other story to explain how she was involved.
Sadly destroyed during WWII along with the original Z2 and Z3 machines.
These kinds of criticisms seem little more than trying to jump on an SEO bandwagon. It's important that the true accomplishments, history and acknowledgements are understood by the writers and others working on a production like this, but it does not matter so much that the film portrays exactly these. Just like SciFi writers should understand what is and is not possible, but are free to relax those limits in their stories.
Firstly, it is not a documentary, it is a work of fiction which is "based on a true story". Secondly, we're not watching presenters telling us what's going on; we're watching actors playing characters. With that in mind, when I watched the film I not only enjoyed it immensely, but I also found it completely clear that the writers had their facts straight. I didn't once cringe at the presentation, which I often do when non-experts describe something technical which I understand.
As for your individual points:
1) The intention of having Turing write to Churchill was to establish the (partially subconscious) arrogance of the Turing character, and his logical approach to solving problems. Mentioning Churchill's involvement at all gives the audience a clue to the importance of the work, which might otherwise be seen as conscription-dodging. This was more important for the film than making a realistic portrayal of the process of resource aquisition in wartime Britain.
2) There was definitely the feeling that nobody understood Turing's exact approach when he was designing the Bombe, but during the construction phase the only sense of confusion I got was whether their time was better spent on Turing's unproven machine or on their known, but inefficient manual approaches.
The character of Joan guesses at one point that Turing is trying to build a Universal Turing Machine. There is no mention whether the Bombe itself is or is not such a machine, but as the film progresses, we see post-war Turing working on another machine which is most likely universal (presumably the Manchester Mark 1 or one of its successors). The Bombe was clearly a stepping-stone to get to this later machine, just as Turing hints that this machine is just a stepping-stone to some later, "smarter" machine. There is a strong implication that Turing's character doesn't regard these machines as distinct devices, but as the continual "upgrade" of the same core concept. That his first iteration wasn't universal doesn't matter.
3) Artistic license. The audience mustn't be bombarded by too many encryption concepts early on, but the story much march ahead, so why not use each one as a plot device?
4) It makes the film more interesting though. Again, it's not a documentary. It does give a sense of the paranoia of the period, and the double/triple/quadruple bluffs work very well to portray the intelligence of the characters, especially that Turing can't just think his way out of his problems (which is important, given how much Turing's intelligence had been put across earlier). This changes the character of the film from superhero Turing saving the day with his super brain, to a dangerous and intricate game between very capable people.
5) The fact it was mentioned at all shows that the history was known. The theatrical intension is clear: Turing's character needed the help of his team, even if he would not admit it. This minor plot point could be established without bringing in a new character for the audience to keep track of, so the attribution was shifted on to an existing character. Again, not a documentary.
6) That scene works well in his home, and benefits from the presence of the machine. It would be awkward to interrupt the conversation while they pop down the road to the University where it would have been in reality.
7) How else could it be told to the audience? Should Turing have been talking to himself while out on a run? The police interrogation provides a context for telling the story in the first place, as well as an impending darkness that it's not all going to end well (else he wouldn't be getting investigated). Having a bunch of eminent historians and scientists doing talking-head sequences interspersed with CGI infographics only works for documentaries.
8) The crosswords are a useful plot point, can be related to by the audience (using competitions to recruit secret spies would be especially effective at inspiring children) and are a nice little piece of trivia. The fact that they weren't very useful kind of ruins it though; hence they invented a use by recruiting the Joan character that way. Also, this allowed the contemporary marginalisation of women in computing to be projected into the film; she is forced to prove herself to the doubtful men.
I think it is an excellent film, and it spreads knowledge of the nature and importance of the work done by early computer scientists, and hopefully gives some people the inspiration to carry on that work (Computer Science, not GCHQ!). It is not a reference book; very few will even remember the kind of minutiae pointed out here. It's better to bring a lot of people most of the way to the truth, in a way that they enjoy; than to squabble over the last few mm, alienate almost everyone, present the field as toxic and jaded and make those few who stick around miserable.
Wtf? Do you realise this is the jgrahamc who successfully campaigned for the Prime Minister of the UK to finally apologise for Turing's treatment? Frankly if anyone's entitled to adjudicate here, he is. I note that jgrahamc isn't criticising the film or its aims, rather questioning why single out one aspect when so many others have been given similar manipulation, and responding to a direct request for expansion on said "tweaks". I for one say thank you jgrahamc.
I don't even understand what this means.
http://www.reddit.com/r/badhistory/comments/2mleat/the_imita...
The movie doesn't even mention Tommy Flowers.
http://www.reddit.com/r/badhistory/comments/2mleat/the_imita...
She wasn't treated so much as a love interest as an intellectual interest and a close friend. Having been to Bletchley Park some years ago, the tour guide pointed out the spot where the two of them would picnic together, so there was some truth to it. His orientation is mentioned infrequently and in hushed tones as it would have had to have been back then - it was criminal after all.
I'm not saying it's an accurate movie, but it's no U-571 where hollywood decided it would be better if the Americans were the ones that captured the U-Boat and the enigma machine because it would play better to a US audience that way...
It treated his life sensitively, portrayed a little taste of the highs and lows of codebreaking and gave a sense of the profound tragedy of how the state treated him later on.
I found it quite moving and quite beautiful.
He gives up the information to his MI6 contact in pretty much the next scene anyway doesn't he?
"Everyone agrees that Alan Turing is a seminal figure in the computer revolution, so it's puzzling why these movies deliberately misrepresent his work."
I sincerely doubt the movies deliberately misrepresent his work. Rather, I assume they honestly misrepresent his work, meaning that they tried to get it right, but they don't understand it well enough to do so.
Well, movies deliberately misrepresent everything, all the time --it's called artistic license! Accuracy (scientific or otherwise) is always a distant second to cinematic flair, or whatever is it studios are trying to optimize.
The Annotated Turing is a great book though, I highly reccomend it (Turing's original paper is _very_ dense).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice%27s_theorem
It's pretty easy to figure out informally. If you had a program to figure out whether the output of a program is always correct for any definition of correctness, you could then write a trivial function around it that solves the halting problem:
halts(program) {
testFunction() {
program()
return correctImplementation()
}
return isCorrect(testFunction)
}
In short, make a function that runs the candidate program and ignore its output, then correctly perform whatever task you have a checker for. That function is correct iff the program halts. Since you can't determine whether an arbitrary program halts, and you can use any working isCorrect() implementation to determine whether an arbitrary program halts, there's no working isCorrect() implementation.The monetary cost is small, but the time cost can be big. Writer time and attention is a scarce resource and time spent rewriting scripts for accuracy is time not spent polishing them for other things. And the simple fact is that scientific accuracy doesn't really sell. A movie with an otherwise good script that contains bad science will do far better than a movie with an otherwise bad script that contains good science. There isn't even much reason to think that improved science improves viewership at all. As far as I can tell, those productions that made attempts to portray accurate science did so because the people involved genuinely wanted to.
Nerds flock to Star Trek and Star Wars and Gravity and other such movies even though they're full of problems. And if we're really being cynical, every "the problems with the science in Movie X" article written is just more free publicity for it.