Foundations by Greg Egan (1998)
gregegan.net
gregegan.net
http://www.gregegan.net/DIASPORA/DIASPORA.html
It used to be hard to find, but these days it seems to be available [edit: at least digitally] (ebook, audio) from the retailers you'd expect.
It's not a "change your outlook on life" kind of book, but as a science fiction exploration of humanity's distant "singularity" future, set in 2975, it was the best I've read. (I would appreciate references to any other books on those topics - I haven't found many.)
The first chapter of the novel is particularly approachable & worthwhile. It's titled Orphanogenesis and is a beautiful, detailed (~30 page) account of the digital birth of a new AI consciousness, from embryo to newborn to gaining self-awareness.
Next year several Greg Egan's books will be reprinted. Diaspora comes out January 6, 2015!
http://www.amazon.com/Diaspora-A-Novel-Greg-Egan/dp/15978054...
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If you want a softer approach to Egan's fiction, check out his short stories. Reasons to be Cheerful is my favorite one as well as Egan's. It's part of the Luminous collection, available as a $3 kindle ebook:
http://www.amazon.com/Luminous-Greg-Egan-ebook/dp/B00E84BABW...
His other books have been so-so, but his short stories are the hardest science fiction around. Nobody else has explored ideas of quantum mechanics intersecting with biology and humanity like he has. I think "Axiomatic" is a good set of them.
Yes! Dimensions (not even the most objective, physical ones) are not absolutes but subject to changing, creative interpretation through the abilities of our tech.
Compare the meaning of a meter when squirming vs walking vs cycling vs driving vs flying... Modern computing makes a mockery of our past capabilities for information processing / storage / transmission.
Put another way, "there is no bad or good weather, only different gear requirements."
Same goes for everything, not only distance & information, but also scale, temperature, calories, food, output, wealth, energy, users, complexity, manufacturing effort, ... and time! Both time as speed (how much happens in a certain period) and time as something to traverse (need to wait for a result for decades or centuries). With Diaspora & Permutation City I first learned to imagine a future where we could treat centuries with the same amused detachment with which we now treat intercontinental distances as we jet over the oceans.
I most like Egan when he avoids math and goes to a dark, cynical place. His short story The Extra[1] is probably the best example. If you like The Extra, you'll probably enjoy Blindsight by Peter Watts[2]. Some of the late Ian M. Banks titles fit as well: Against a Dark Background and Matter are both grim, somewhat hard sci-fi.
If you're a fan of Greg Egan, you'll likely enjoy Ted Chiang[3]. He doesn't write much, but he writes well.
1. http://eidolon.net/?story=The%20Extra
Both "The Merchant and the Alchemist's Gate" (not science fiction at all) and "The Lifecycle of Software Objects" were fine, but, for me, nothing touches the shock of reading that first story.
(I think that perhaps the greatest recommendation that I can give for Chiang is to say that, for a long time, I remembered "The Infinite Assassin" as being his story.)
In the beginning was a graph, more like diamond than graphite. Every node in this graph was tetravalent: connected by four edges to four other nodes. By a count of edges, the shortest path from any node back to itself was a loop six edges long. Every node belonged to twenty-four such loops, as well as forty-eight loops eight edges long, and four hundred and eighty that were ten edges long. The edges had no length or shape, the nodes no position; the graph consisted only of the fact that some nodes were connected to others. This pattern of connections, repeated endlessly, was all there was.