See wikipedia for arguments for and against "color blindness" - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness_(race)_in_the_...
Being polite: this is entry level stuff. A quick web search would have turned up some useful resources to answer your question.
[1] and other
1) Do you believe racism exists?
2) Do you believe we should do anything about it?
3) What would you do about it? (Hint: "Nothing", is the wrong answer)
I am a female and I just hate it when a company recruiter says he can get me a job in a position I know I am not at all qualified for. Additionally I got scholarship money when going to school when those much more dedicated than me did not simply because they had something hanging between their legs.
In my case I have been put in the awkward position of working with 4 male coworkers on a project I knew nothing about, I was getting paid the same as them while contributing nothing to the project. I felt humiliated and asked to be paid as an intern but my manager just smiled and said I was there for support and that my coworkers enjoyed my presence on the team as it was "A breath of fresh air to have a female in the work place". I quit the next week.
I also agree that having a sort of differential pay system for new hires could make sense, that is very uncommon. The usual, when hiring, is to allow for an unavoidable period of learning and adjustment, during which a new employee "loses" money for the company, to be hopefully made up for in the long term.
This isn't specific to minorities, but impostor syndrome is a very real thing in the software industry, and minorities tend to suffer more from it - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impostor_syndrome#Demographics