"Perhaps one of the most important [recent] papers .. in evolutionary biology"

This is a good paper with an empirical example of a molecule level ratchet effect, but the message here is way overstated. It is definitely NOT the case that evolution "can't go in reverse" as a categorical statement.

1) First and most importantly, if selection pressure was reversed in sexually reproducing species, it is (a) unlikely that the ancestral allele will ever completely die out and (b) also unlikely that a sequence of recombinational events could not reconstruct the ancestral allele.

So reversed selection pressure would lead to an increase in frequency of the ancestral allele. Doesn't require the (much higher) level of difficulty of pushing six consecutive mutations to fixation in a single protein.

In bacteria or archaea it would be even easier -- just pick up the ancestral allele through horizontal gene transfer.

2) Second, even discounting sexual reproduction for now, given strong enough reversed selection pressure, either the species would go extinct or (more likely) some other protein would have been co-opted into pursuing the new function. That is, this road might be blocked but another one will almost certainly be open.

3) Third, this particular example has an accumulation of several mutations that act as blockades in fitness space. But this is far from generally proven. You'd need to do some serious correlation of activity with multiple sequence/structure alignments across large families of proteins to show this ratchet effect.

4) Finally, the whole concept of QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationships) is based on the idea that activity-structure relationships tend to be more continuous than not, in the sense that small changes usually have small effects on activity [though in dealing with adding atoms to molecules, you're talking about irreducibly large step sizes in different dimensions]).

And continuous alterations in activity usually imply reversibility as a function of many small steps.

Summary: The reversibility/irreversibility of evolution has been difficult to measure empirically. The researchers found a protein and its ancestral protein. They found key mutations that act like evolutionary ratchets. If the key mutations are left in place and the protein reversed to its ancestral form it became non-functioning (and would probably be a harmful mutation). Furthermore changes in the key mutation did not lead to any advantages in the ancestral protein. This means that there is a mechanism where a protein can mutate but is unlikely to mutate back, and this is a specific example of how evolution can be irreversible.

If not the most important certainly worth a read. Here is a link to the actual paper.

http://www.uoregon.edu/~joet/PDF/bridgham-thornton-nature200... [pdf]

I am missing why this is important or unexpected.

Since most mutations are no-ops, and behavior is frequently expressed through combinations, I'd have expected what they found. For every useful mutation, there were usually other random mutations that prevent simply flipping back the useful one.