(1) Intellectual property protections didn't originate in the twentieth century. In the U.S., they exist in the original text of the Constitution (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Clause), and they existed in other countries well before then.
(2) Copyright doesn't protect ideas (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea%E2%80%93expression_divide). The ideas underlying copyrighted works can be freely copied.
Of course, the duration of copyright protection has gotten completely out of control. But I think that should be attributed to the ability of copyright lobbyists to influence lawmakers, rather than to the idea of intellectual property itself.