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Comment by belorn | Hacker News Reader

The language shows a lack of knowledge around what a copyright license is, and how it works.

Copyright prevent every distribution of copies and derivative works. A license is thus a permission, which permits distribution which otherwise is not permitted.

Any license is viral in that you must follow the license in order to distribute the copyrighted work. I can't just take a BSD licensed work, replace it with my own license, and ignore the BSD requirements. The license is my permission to distribute the work and if I ignore it, I am liable under copyright law.

Describing the permission as infective, restrictive, preventive and so on only show how completely fundamentalist the person is. You are given permission to use, copy and modify the program. If you feel infected by that choice, then I call that ungrateful and childish behavior.

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I can't take 100,000 lines of my own code, link it against 10 lines of GPLed code, and re-distribute the result under a license of my choice. I have to use a variant of the GPL.

This is the viral aspect that your argument does not address.

I can't take 100,000 lines of my own code, link it against 10 lines of BSDed code, and re-distribute the result without respecting the BSD license.

This is the viral aspect that your argument does not address.

Yes, you can. You can release your code however you want. The BSD license applies to the code provided by the project that chose to license their code under it. You can choose to also license your code as BSD, but you are not required to.

If I ignore or remove the BSD license from the 10 lines, I am removing the permission I had to use them.

Its like if I buy a train ticket. If I throw away the ticket and write my own, I no longer have permission to enter. The permission is in the ticket.

The 10 lines will must always be under the BSD, and every time I distribute I must follow the conditions set down by the license. It infects the distribution of the work, regardless of I license the other 100,000 lines.

I know exactly how a license works. The GPL in its wording frustrates the distribution of free and open software precisely in its requirement that all derivative works by default must also be GPLed. This frustration is amplified when one wants to use a mutually incompatible license, like the CDDL. So yes, a license that makes it hard to cooperate with others is infective and judging by how many companies have avoided the GPLv3, is ineffective as well in encouraging sharing.

Referring to the GPL as viral isn't done because of the rules about redistributing or relicensing the original work. It's called viral because derivative works that I make which use or include the GPL'd code must also be GPL'd. It thus spreads to other projects due to proximity.

That is incorrect. Derivative works must respect every copyright license that is included in it, regardless of type.

A project can have BSD, Apache, MIT and GPL licensed software parts, and the derivative work must respect all the licenses when distributed. You can not "make" them GPL.

Trying to re-license something is like printing your own permission to enter a train. Its not only illogical, its illegal.

I'm not sure what you think we're debating here. I'm not talking about changing the license on the original work. I'm talking about other works which link against or include parts of the original. If you write ReallyCoolTool and license it as GPL, and I write AwesomeGUIApp, which invokes your tool behind the scenes, the GPL requires that I license my code as GPL. By contrast, if you'd used MIT or BSD or similar, I'd be required to comply with the original license when it came to your code, but could license my code as Apache or keep it closed source or do whatever. The viral nature refers to what a project's license does to other code that somebody down the road writes that utilizes the original GPL project.

> the GPL requires that I license my code as GPL.

And that is false. I can use ReallyCoolTool GPL library, and write a AwesomeGUIApp and license my written code as Apache. Nothing prevents me from doing so.

Each license a program use is a set of permissions with conditions in them. You can never choose to ignore a set of conditions, or you loose the permissions. This is why I started this whit "shows a lack of knowledge around what a copyright license is". A copyright license is, and can only be, a set of permissions to use a copyrighted work. Its not changeable, nor can it ever be removed by anyone except the author. The viral nature of copyright enforces this.

It is childish to go around and calling a particular set of permissions as viral. Be grateful for having permission, and stop cry about it.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_license

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorative

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