The class 6.004 at MIT basically steps through these abstractions one week/lab at a time. This was my favorite class in school. Each lab is a higher level of abstraction and eventually you've built a basic processor. It gives you a very clear picture of how "1s and 0s" can turn out to become what you see on your computer screen.

OCW Link: http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-comput...