If there's absolutely no way you can avoid being fired from your co then it's better to accept that fact rather than keep looking in rear-view mirror and postulate 'what-if' scenarios. Own it and proudly include it in your resume.
"Grew XYZ from zero to $N until I was kicked out by my board and learned a few imp business lessons" - that's an experience most companies will value.
Since you're still in twenties, unmarried - you still have some time left on your side. Start hanging around on hackerearth kind of spaces where they combine hackernight kind of events with recruitment by actual startups if you want to remain on the tech path.
But looking at fact that you were able to sell airfresheners to SMBs (the toughest mkt) in Mumbai I'm sure you can sell pretty much any similar product to similar or (for that matter even same?) clientele. Enterpreneurship is 10x hard in India and so what you've achieved in oldschool product/mkt is no mean feat.
Is there anything that stops you from tapping in to your existing clients? If not, I'll suggest go back to purchasing managers of these SMB clients, be upfront & tell them you're out of your current co and ask them if there's anything else you can supply to them. If they were impressed by your capabilities/service in previous co, some of them will still like to have you around as vendor for a different product. Or maybe they can refer you to some other co. So take that up. Get some commitments, restart, bootstrap. But this time having learnt lesson from current misfortune, take care not to dilute so much that you lose controlling interest.
All the best.
I'm from Bombay. I'll gladly be your sounding board if you want to discuss any of this in-person. My email is in my profile.