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A real-world use is a recent proposal to make Bitcoin block propagation faster: https://gist.github.com/gavinandresen/e20c3b5a1d4b97f79ac2

From the paper:

1.3 Applications and Usage Cases

* Database Reconciliation

* Tracking Network Acknowledgments

* Oblivious Selection from a Table

I like to think of it as giving a quick 'not in this basket' with 100% accuracy sort of tool :-)

Yes, that is the primary use-case for a bloom filter, generally. I think parent is asking more about the added value of "invertible" bloom filters.