The primary difference is in the case of fraud on a debit card, you don't have access to the stolen funds until your financial institution issues a provisional credit. (They have a short statutory time frame to do this.)
Credit card fraud recovery is mandated by the federal government.
Credit cards use the bank's money on credit. Most credit card users are only liable for $50 in damages.
Someone spent $2,000 at Comcast and Neiman Marcus on my card in one night. I reported it the following day and it was reversed and I was given a new card the same day.
I would love more information from a banker on how the fraud disputes are won. Sometimes the merchant pays, sometimes the bank pays, sometimes it split in percentages. I know it has to do with how the merchant processed the payment or if a pin number was used for the transaction.