* Severe congestion pricing
* Expensive due to severe taxes (generally over 100k USD)
* Licensing for a car is time-limited. I think this is about 10 years or so.
The last point in particular makes it feasible to cycle out the entire country's cars in a relatively short time.
EDIT: Add more newlines between bullets
In US it is 4 years. I was surprised to see that low time frame as in India it is at least 20 years. And, in US, you are also required to renew your registration plates every year
Also, your US numbers of course vary by state.
For example, Arizona driver's licenses don't expire until the person's 65th birthday (and every five years thereafter).
(source: Volvo Cars press release: https://www.media.volvocars.com/global/en-gb/media/pressrele... )