But maybe a set of guidelines about translatable C code plus a translator which is good enough for a variety of cases would make refactoring the resulting code such a manageable task that many projects could consider switching to Go directly.
You are technically correct in that compile already implicates a translation, but we usually use that term refering to a translation into a lower level language and not another language at the same level. You can say transpiler or source-to-source compiler for those cases and I think it's clearer and more accurate for the reader.