Space Colony Art from the 1970s
settlement.arc.nasa.gov
settlement.arc.nasa.gov
In it, O'Neil, a Princeton physicist and founder of the Space Studies Institute, goes on to describe in great technical detail the feasibility of building artificial space habitats of varying sizes. I heartily recommend it to anyone even remotely interested in space. The ideas from this book have been implemented in countless fictional universes[1], so you may find that you've seen them before.
It all started here in this excellent book.
http://www.nss.org/settlement/ColoniesInSpace/index.html
That featured strongly in my childhood imagination. I'm no longer the technotopian I was at the time, but it's a powerful vision. Much of what it (and O'Neil) promoted should have been done by now were it possible.
I still think large-scale work could have been done in space, and wasn't more for societal than technical reasons.
Once you've arrived at "orbiting solar power stations built from lunar regolith", questioning your premises and realizing that the colonies really don't make all that much sense. But then again, pragmatism and overt missions never really ruled space anyway -- see Apollo and the Shuttle.
As for the technical reasons, to paraphrase Douglas Adams: Space is expensive. Really expensive. You just won't believe how vastly, hugely, mindbogglingly expensive it is.
The ISS is the most expensive single structure ever constructed, and among the most expensive single projects ever undertaken -- and that for a habitation for six people. Total cost is somewhere north of $100 billion (how far north isn't clear, the budget's spread among multiple agencies and nations).
Given that, and absent tremendous gains in efficiency and automation, the cost of solar power satellites let alone O'Neil space colonies would be in the tens of trillions of dollars, minimum. That's on the scale of the entire US GDP, if not more.
As for your observation "a lot more than actually did [happen]": Colonies in Space is one of my benchmarks for rates of technological change that didn't happen. I'd anticipated that that could well be my future, but a decade and a half past when it was supposed to be a reality, it remains science fiction. It's given me a good sense of the sorts of change which are possible and likely, and those which aren't. And no, not all progress is subject to Kurzweil's Law of Accelerating Returns.
Indeed, we may be in Vinge's "Age of failed dreams".
Man made colonies will have the same problem, in addition to requiring space manufacturing and assembly at a level that is currently impossible.
If SpaceX brings the cost of space flight down to its basic energy costs, we will have solved one problem. The other problem is the power generation required to conduct space manufacturing at a large scale. Solar, although consistent, is low in power density and thus requires large amounts of surface area that is very difficult to maintain in space.
Until we crack compact, high yield fusion, I doubt we will make much progress in realizing our space-faring dreams. This was also the opinion of the late Robert Bussard, inventor of the Bussard ramjet and the polywell fusor.
1. http://www.space.com/24731-mars-radiation-curiosity-rover.ht...
Having the colonies underground may have an extra advantage, both on Mars and on the Moon, as they may be closer to sources of ice. I remember hearing something about the Moon being much less dry than previously thought. No running water nor blocks of ice, but maybe crunching rocks yields something useful.
I'm not against colonizing space itself, but early seagoing explorers didn't attempt to colonize the ocean. We need to establish ourselves in environments that allow easy production of oxygen, water, and food.
In the end, it is about money. It takes a lot of money to get setup on Mars, but after it is setup, it is a HUGE resource, which means much, much more money. The moon could also be a huge resource, but it is expensive to colonize because it can't hold atmosphere easily. Colonizing space itself without mining a resource in a way that eventually will pay off the initial investment is useless and a drain on our society.
But neither can Mars. Most of its early atmosphere was blown away and that will continue. There's nothing we can do about the lack of gravity.
The problem with Mars is that it is cold, terminally. The nuclear furnaces have gone out. I haven't seen a proposal from the terraformers that counteracts that. You might be able to counteract it with CO2, but then that gets blown away by the solar wind. It's crazy hard to fix.
Don't get me wrong, I would love to see us on Mars. Unfortunately, the engineering and science obstacles are huge, enormous.
Yes, I agree we should go to Mars. I don't see the urgency, though. I mean, in terms of the humanity-backup situation, ten years or a hundred, doesn't really make much difference.
We would be better putting the money into energy research, and when we've got that figured out, then we tackle mars.
Space Fracking?
What about regular, fission nuclear power?
Projections that there's enough uranium for 200 years[1] are based on levels of present utilization: around 3.7% of global energy use[2]. Bump that to 100% and we'd run through all available reserves in less than a decade (7.4 years, if you're counting).
Solar energy (including solar mediated via plants, wind, or water), hydrogen fusion, possibly geothermal energy, or with really long odds: hydrocarbon prospecting from another body (say, maybe Titan) are the only energy sources which could last a considerable human population for the possible maximum lifetime of the species.
Yes, a small Mars outpost could be powered off of nuclear power for a considerable period, but that would take away from available nuclear fuel supplies on Earth.
The likelihood of managing usable sustainable fusion under terrestrial or other contained circumstances are fairly unlikely IMO.
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Notes:
1. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-long-will-glob...
Rob Lister gives global annual energy consumption as 140 TWh.
The true number is 211,782 TWh, for 2011, from IEA (expressed as 18,210 Mtoe -- million tons of oil equivalent)
http://www.iea.org/Sankey/index.html
That's 1512x higher than Lister's value. Dividing his 64,000 year supply by 1512, we get 42 years supply of thorium.
I see a problem.
It might not be 64ky, but >1ky seems to be very realistic.
Edit: See also the Wikipedia section on it: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium#Reserve_estimates
I'm not claiming otherwise.
Liquid thorium reactors are another option. There's no thorium in seawater, but on land there's several times as much thorium as U238, and it's all the same, useful isotope. China has an aggressive R&D program hoping to get a prototype reactor ready in a decade.
But personally I think it's likely that we will achieve sustainable fusion in the fairly near future.
...which says that EROI is 22 assuming a conventional reactor. Ie., we'd get 22 times as much energy out as we spent on extraction. With a fast reactor the ratio would be a hundred times better, since we could use all that uranium instead of 0.7% of it.
http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/cohen.html
Of course in the context of the current discussion we should also consider the possibility of getting uranium from various other spots in the solar system: http://nextbigfuture.com/2009/08/how-much-uranium-is-in-sola...
But it may have been caused by all that SciFi covers I've seen as a child.
And I love airbrushed pictures.
So when something goes boom, here, there will be some people, elsewhere, to help rebuild.
Worst case, the species will carry on.
So, visually, yes. In fact, no.
Elysium art:
http://actionflickchick.com/superaction/wp-content/uploads/2...
http://www.geeksofdoom.com/GoD/img/2013/08/2013-08-09-elysiu...
[1] Example: http://www.darkmirage.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/16...
http://amhnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Mass-Effect...
I'm sure there are others
[Some of his recollections](http://www.donaldedavis.com/PARTS/SAGAN.html) of working with Sagan.
DISCO WILL NEVER DIE!